Untangling the respiratory disease complex in small ruminants in Ethiopia Biruk Alemu, Hiwot Desta, Fasil Aklilu, Matios Lakew, Demeke Sibhatu and Barbara Wieland 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Chiang Mai, Thailand, 12-16 November 2018 There MUST be a CGIAR logo or a CRP logo. You can copy and paste the logo you need from the final slide of this presentation. Then you can delete that final slide   To replace a photo above, copy and paste this link in your browser: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/sets/72157632057087650/detail/ Find a photo you like and the right size, copy and paste it in the block above.

Introduction Small ruminants serve multiple livelihood roles: food and nutrition security, income, and providing raw material for industries Diseases are an important constraint for production Different production systems in different agro-ecologies: pastoralist vs. mixed crop-livestock systems

RDC as priority Participatory epidemiological studies showed livestock keepers prioritized respiratory diseases across production systems RDC in Ethiopia: CCPP, PPR, pasteurellosis, lung worm, Maedi Visna, PI-3, etc….. (unknown) Past surveys on pasteurellosis have shown high seroprevalence with cross-reaction observed between different serotypes

Objective The study aimed at: Investigating the role of different pathogens involved in the respiratory disease complex in small ruminant in Ethiopia

Methodology Household and sero-survey Laboratory analysis of biological samples Multivariable logistic regression analysis for risk factors

Household and sero-survey 432 households in 4 regions Data on vaccination history, clinical signs observed, husbandry, health management, and production data 2’110 serum samples (1’547 Sheep, 563 goats) were collected (5-6 per farm) Tissue samples were collected from clinically suspicious animals Testing of samples for PPR (Ab and Ag serology), CCPP (serology), and Pasteurella (culture of samples of suspicious animals)

Results Frequency percentage of clinical signs Men Women

Sero-prevalence of PPR   Region Vaccinated Unvaccinated Pos (%) 95% CI P-Value Amhara 90.9 85.58 – 94.68 30.9 26.83 – 35.35 0.000 Tigray 58.9 54.39 – 63.22 - Oromia 85.5 79.84 – 90.07 17.4 13.79 – 21.59 SNNP 11.3 8.34 – 15.16 Overall 71.4 20.8 The Ab sero-prevalence level in Tigray vaccinated animals indicate low herd immunity level The relatively high sero-prevalence in unvaccinated animals may be due to some animals actually having been vaccinated in the past, but reported as non-vaccinated in this survey

Sero-prevalence levels of CCPP   Region Vaccinated Unvaccinated Pos (%) 95% CI P-Value Amhara - 2.2 1.23 – 3.68 Tigray 0.8 0.26 – 2.2 Oromia 52.9 35.1 – 59.5 0.97 – 3.6 0.000 SNNP 1.1 0.35 - 3 Overall 1.3 Generally low sero-prevalence level of CCPP observed in unvaccinated population in all regions The Ab sero-prevalence level in vaccinated population indicates low herd immunity level compared to previous studies

Results for animals with clinical signs Ag detection for PPRV – negative result from 29 clinical samples 3/55 positive result for pasteurella culture (M. hemolytica and B. trehalosi)

Risk factors for PPR Term Odds Ratio CI 95% S.E. P-Value Age (Adult/Young) 1.89 1.2069 2.9595 0.2288 0.0054 Species (Ovine/Caprine) 0.32 0.2101 0.4861 0.2140 0.0000 Sex (Male/Female) 0.64 0.4333 0.9525 0.2009 0.0276 Agroecology (Highland/Midland) 0.25 0.1479 0.4390 0.2775 Flocksize (Medium/Small) 3.22 2.1867 4.7388 0.1973 Flocksize (Large/Small) 5.21 0.8455 32.1355 0.9280 0.0752 Region (Oromia/Amhara) 0.21 0.1195 0.3531 0.2763 Region (SNNPR/Amhara) 0.23 0.1376 0.3694 0.2519 CONSTANT * 0.3685 0.0285

Risk factors for CCPP Term Odds Ratio 95% C.I. S.E. P-Value Agroecology (Mid land/Lowland) 0.16 0.0195 1.2621 1.0637 0.0817 Agroecology (Highland/Lowland) 0.73 0.3112 1.7057 0.4341 0.4655 GrazingHus (Mixed with other LS/ Sheep and goat separately) 1.37 0.4608 4.0956 0.5573 0.5688 GrazingHus (Sheep and goat together/Sheep and goat separately) 3.22 1.3108 7.9233 0.4590 0.0108 CONSTANT * 0.4748 0.0000 Mixed (sheep and goats) raising was identified as a risk factor for CCPP sero-positivity

Discussion Our results provide evidence of ongoing PPR circulation in lowlands and highlands, but the participatory research indicated that livestock keepers struggle to identify the disease The PPR sero-prevalence in vaccinated animals was above 80% in some of the study area, indicating sufficient herd immunity after vaccination Targeting agroecology in vaccination may play a key role in limiting the transmission of PPR infection Much less vaccination had been done for CCPP In lowland areas that had vaccination, sero-prevalence was low (low vaccination coverage)

Limitations Pasteurella serology unreliable with tests available Lungworm testing not done in this study Other pathogens not investigated yet

Outlook To further understand the relative importance of different pathogens and the role of co-infection, a longitudinal survey is being conducted Follow selected farms over 12 months Record morbidity and mortality and other productivity parameters Sample collection and testing for: Pasteurellosis, Maedi-Visna, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, parainfluenza, and bluetongue

Acknowledgements This work is financed by IFAD SmaRT Project, Africa RISING Project, CGIAR Research Program Livestock It is implemented in a partnership with ICARDA, Regional Research Centers

better lives through livestock ilri.org