Reading Models A reading model is a reasonable framework that provides a general understanding of the reading comprehension process. 创思英语：http://www.tronest.cn

Reading Models Reading Process Two Analogies Reading Models 阅读理解过程 类比

Reading Process Start with a purpose and plan Preview and predict Simplify complex sentences Identify cohesive devices Make inferences Summarize information Recognize the topic sentence Look for the thesis statement Work out the text structure Review the text Reflect on the writing Pre-reading In-reading 阅读的层次，包括read the lines, read between the lines 和read beyond the lines (plain sense reading, deductive reading, projective reading Reading a text in a foreign language is a very complex process. It involves a variety of skills, ranging from what Neville Grant calls “plain sense reading” through “deductive reading” to “projective reading” (Grant 1987). Plain sense reading, according to Grant, requires nothing more than what the term implies – i.e. the ability to understand what is stated in a text. Deductive reading involves the ability to draw inferences – deductions – from what is stated in a text. Or, in Grant’s words, learners should be able to do more than just “read the lines”: they should be able to “read between the lines”. Projective reading, finally, involves the ability to relate a text to one’s personal opinions, knowledge, imagination, and experience. Learners should be able to “read beyond the lines” (Grant 1987:61). Post-reading

An analogy Examine the following mazes and try to interpret the reading comprehension process by analogy. Maze puzzle That is, in what way is reading comprehension different from or similar to the solution of a maze?

Another analogy Examine the following map and try to interpret in another way the reading comprehension process by analogy. That is, in what way is reading comprehension different from or similar to finding the way to your destination? 地图 目的地 夫子庙 金陵科技学院 Confucius Temple

Reading Models The bottom-up model The top-down model Although there are many models of reading, reading researchers tend to classify them into three kinds： The bottom-up model 1. 2. The top-down model 播放时逐一点击序号 The interactive model 3. Guess what they assume respectively.

The bottom-up model Emphasizes the written or printed text Says reading is driven by text Says comprehension begins by processing the smallest linguistic unit, and working toward larger units Proceeds from part to whole 自下而上模式 What do you think of this model?

The top-down model Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text, such as prior knowledge and experiences Says comprehension begins in the mind of the reader, who already has some ideas about the meaning of the text Says meaning is brought to print, not derived from print Proceeds from whole to part 自上而下模式 What do you think of this model?

The interactive model Recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously throughout the reading process. suggests that the reader constructs meaning by the selective use of information from all sources of meaning without adherence to any one set order. uses print as input and has meaning as output. But the reader provides input, too, and the reader, interacting with the text, is selective in using just as little of the cues from text as necessary to construct meaning. 交互模式 What do you think of this model?