University High AdvUSH September 9, 2019 University High AdvUSH

U.S. Constitution APUSH Time Period 3

Basic Facts: Constitutional Convention May 25-September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, PA Delegates from all 13 colonies present Originally convened to reform A of C Swiftly converted to drafting a brand new Constitution “Bundle of Compromises” (More on this later)

People at Constitutional Convention Old Names (added credibility): Benjamin Franklin and George Washington New Names (will become important) Alexander Hamilton and James Madison Not there (serving in Europe): Thomas Jefferson and John Adams

Big 6 Ideas of Constitution Separation of Powers Federalism Republicanism Checks and Balances Limited Government Popular Sovereignty

University High AdvUSH September 10, 2019 University High AdvUSH

Write your 2 instances on your section of the chalkboard. “Big 6 Ideas” Group Work You will be placed into 6 groups, each representing a “Big Idea” from the Constitution. For your “Big Idea”, find two instances where it is mentioned in the Constitution, and cite them Write your 2 instances on your section of the chalkboard. Cite the Article and Section

Review Give 2 examples of how the Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation

What makes compromise necessary in any decision-making process? Opening Questions What makes compromise necessary in any decision-making process? How would you define a “good compromise”? In what situations is compromising the wrong course of action?

Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan Argument: How should members of the legislative branch be chosen? Virginia Plan: Based on population (states with more people get more Congressmen) New Jersey Plan: Equal Representation in every state

University High AdvUSH September 12, 2019 University High AdvUSH

Great Compromise AKA Connecticut Compromise Bicameral legislature House of Representatives: based on state population Elected by voters Senate: 2 Senators per state Elected by the state legislature (originally)

Three-Fifths Compromise Southern states wanted slaves to count toward their population Higher Population=more Representatives in the House Northern states didn't think slaves should count Compromise: every five (male) slaves would count as three men when figuring for Congressional representation Of course, none of these slaves could vote, had rights, etc.

Slave Trade Compromise Other Compromises Commerce Compromise Tariffs only allowed on foreign imports, not exports Slave Trade Compromise Agreement that Congress was not allowed to outlaw the slave trade until 1808 How should a President be elected? Electoral College

Question What potential problems do you see rising given the compromises made in the creation of the U.S. Constitution

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

Ratification On September 17, 1787 most members of the Constitutional Convention signed the document Went home to campaign for ratification 9 of the 13 states needed to ratify the document for it to go into effect. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalist Papers 9 of the 13 states needed to ratify the document for it to go into effect. A collection of articles calling for ratification 85 articles, all credited to “Publius” Actual authors: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay Published in New York newspapers NY: Most divisive state

Go-Over Primary Source Questions Talk to your partner about your responses to the primary source questions from yesterday

Federalist Papers Quotes I will place you into 7 groups, each receiving a quote from one of the Federalist Papers. You will be tasked with: Restating the quote in your own words Creating an explanation as to why this is a valid reason for ratifying the Constitution Connect this to an issue currently facing the United States

Quote #1 (John Jay) “Nothing is more certain than the indispensable necessity of government, and it is equally undeniable, that whenever and however it is instituted, the people must cede to it some of their natural rights in order to vest it with requisite powers.” (Federalist No. 2)

Quote #2 (Alexander Hamilton) “The proposed Constitution, so far from implying an abolition of the State governments, makes them constituent parts of the national sovereignty, by allowing them a direct representation in the Senate, and leaves in their possession certain exclusive and very important portions of sovereign power. This fully corresponds, in every rational import of the terms, with the idea of a federal government.” (No. 9)

Quote #3 (James Madison) “…the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens[.]” (No. 10)

Quote #4 (Alexander Hamilton) “Whether there ought to be a federal government intrusted with the care of the common defense, is a question in the first instance, open for discussion; but the moment it is decided in the affirmative, it will follow, that that government ought to be clothed with all the powers requisite to complete execution of its trust.” (No. 23)

Quote #5 “…there must be interwoven, in the frame of the government, a general power of taxation, in one shape or another.” (No. 30)

Concluding Question What would you have done differently, if anything, had you been involved in the process of drafting the Constitution?