Science and Marine Biology Chapter 1

Science and Marine Biology Ocean and Marine Organisms - Ocean covers over 70% of the earth - Affects global weather patterns - Provides food and vital resources

Science and Marine Biology Productivity – the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms the ocean can support Leading area of research in marine ecology Over 80 million metric tons of marine fish and shellfish harvested annually

Science and Marine Biology Study of the Sea Oceanography: the study of the oceans and their phenomena Marine Biology: the study of organisms and their reactions with each other and their environment

Science and Marine Biology Oceanography Marine Science

Science and Marine Biology Knowledge of Marine Biology: - Helps us understand how marine organisms relate to us - Helps us understand how human activities affect the marine environment - Helps conscientious citizens make prudent decisions that involve the sea

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - science has advanced over the years as new technologies have been developed - Initial studies of marine organisms can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Romans

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - Aristotle – first to develop scheme of classification; “Ladder of life” - Pliny the Elder – Roman naturalist; works in Natural History

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives Modern Day studies began with Captain James Cook (1728-1779) Discovery voyages for the British navy Mapped much of the World’s uncharted waters Circumnavigated the World 2x Logged descriptions of plants and animals unknown to mankind

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology continued in 18th and 19th century: Jean-Baptiste Lemark, Georges Cuvier, Charles Darwin

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives HMS Beagle 1831 – Charles Darwin; observations of atolls 1859 – On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives modern sciences of oceanography and marine biology originated with the Challenger expedition in the 19th century 1876 – 4,700 new species collected Plankton – term for organisms that drift in ocean current, coined in 1887

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives 30,000 Pages Life below 550m 4,717 new species Discovered mid-Atlantic ridge Map of bottom deposits and main contours of the ocean basins

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - First marine laboratory 1859 funded by the college of France -Station Biologique de Roscoff

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives -Collection station in Woods Hole

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - First marine laboratory in US was founded by Louis Agassiz in 1873; purpose of helping teachers improve their teaching methods

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - Woods Hole Marine Biological Lab was established in 1888 by Alpheus Hyatt, a student of Agassiz - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute was established in 1930

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives -In 1903 and Independent lab established by UC professor Dr. William E. Ritter was named Scripps Institution of Oceanography -has become world leading

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives - In early 20th century, expeditions were mounted to study the Arctic and Antarctic seas and their inhabitants - Marine laboratories play a vital role in both marine and basic biological research

Science and Marine Biology History of Changing Perspectives -Technology has played a huge role -HMS Challenger: Bathysphere -1960 Decent in the Mariana Trench of the Challenger Deep using Trieste, a bathyscape

Submersibles Darkness, cold, and crushing pressures have challenged the most experienced engineers to develop submersibles that descend to seafloor depths that are not safe for divers, allowing us to explore the deep ocean firsthand, make detailed observations, and collect samples of unexplored ecosystems. Vessels From onboard equipment to collect weather and ocean information to divers, submersibles, and other observations deployed from a ship, vessels are arguably the most critical tool for scientists when it comes to exploring the ocean.

Systems & Sensors Scientists rely on an array of tools to collect weather and ocean observations such as water temperatures and salinities, the shape of the seafloor, and the speed of currents. Using tools to record and monitor water column conditions and to collect samples for analyses allows scientists to enhance our understanding of the ocean. Communication Technologies Technologies that allow scientists to collaborate and transmit data more quickly and to a greater number of users are changing the way that we explore. From telepresence to shipboard computers, these technologies are increasing the pace, efficiency, and scope of ocean exploration. Diving Technologies When depths are not too great or conditions are not too unsafe, divers can descend into the water to explore the ocean realm. It is only through relatively recent advances in technology that this type of exploration has been possible.