GOVERNANCE For sustainable tourism Lecture 5 © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

The top-down approach – often starting out as a command and control governing approach which seeks stakeholder buy in to translate the rhetoric of sustainable tourism into practical, on the ground, outcomes. Vs The bottom up approach - where stakeholders seek to have on-the-ground concerns and actions taken up by policy makers, who are encouraged to consider the social, environmental as well as economic outcomes of their decision-making. Or meeting in the middle… How do we drive sustainability? Is it from top down? Or from the bottom up? © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Definition of governance The Australian Governance Institute defines it in these terms: Governance encompasses the system by which a state or organisation is controlled and operates, and the mechanisms by which it, and its people, are held to account. Ethics, risk management, compliance and administration are all elements of governance. © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Where has “governance” come from? In “New Right”, corporatist or neo-conservative agenda, who looks out for public good? Governance is a stakeholder partnerships approach for decision-making where public good is involved. Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development include: national governments; local governments with specific competence in tourism matters; tourism establishments and tourism enterprises, including their associations; institutions engaged in financing tourism projects; tourism employees, tourism professionals and tourism consultants; trade unions of tourism employees; tourism education and training centers; travellers, including business travellers, and visitors to tourism destinations, sites and attractions; local populations and host communities at tourism destinations through their representatives; other juridical and natural persons having stakes in tourism development including non-governmental organizations specializing in tourism and directly involved in tourism projects and the supply of tourism services. (according to the UNWTO) © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

3 Principles of good governance Transparency, Accountability Inclusiveness 3 Principles of good governance © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Starting the governance process – basic questions to be addressed What is the problem domain being addressed? Who are the stakeholders and who do they represent (are they inclusive)? Who are the stakeholders and who do they represent (are they inclusive)? To what degree is agreement reached about how to act on the problem domain? To what degree is agreement reached about how to act on the problem domain? What is the outcome and achievements of the partnership? What is the outcome and achievements of the partnership? © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Problem setting: identifying key stakeholders and issues Direction setting: identifying and sharing future collaborative interpretations; appreciating a sense of common purpose Implementation (or empowerment stage) – institutionalising the shared meanings that emerge as the domain develops Stages in governance © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Additional requirements to reach socially responsible action Mutual benefits, which can sustain long-term relationships Enlightened self-interest, where societal needs are acknowledged and considered over the long-term, rather than short-term. Ethical awareness, in which a set of moral or social obligations are considered and valued as legitimate. Power and responsibilities, where the person holding power recognises the responsibilities that come with it. Enterprise defence, where the autonomy of various stakeholders is preserved. Additional requirements to reach socially responsible action © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Benefits & Costs Supports democracy Accesses those who will introduce change Increases support for implementation Pools knowledge and resources Recognises non-economic values More flexible, sensitive solutions Limited representation Conflict vs collaboration Usually under-resourced Blurred accountability Uncertainty around outcomes Disclosure of confidential commercial info. Time consuming and costly © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

UNESCO tourism planning lists governance as foundational © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Some techniques for working with stakeholders Round tables Interest based negotiations Appreciative Inquiry © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Interest-based negotiations Focuses on basic interests, rather than personal positions Looks at all options for mutual gain Uses objective criteria to settle differences of interest Separates people from the problem i.e. it’s continually asking “does this proposed action take you towards or away from your basic interest” until consensus is reached around a plan that suits everyone’s interests. Interest-based negotiations © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Moving from “positions” to “interests” Interest-based negotiating relies on asking a lot of questions, rather than stating positions. Three types of questions are usually used: Probing questions that ask for more information, e.g. what is it about this that concerns you most? Clarifying questions that sharpen understanding, e.g. can you tell me more about what you meant when you used the word….? Justifying questions that ask for evidence for the view expressed, e.g. can you tell me how you plan to achieve this? © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

An example in practice © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Appreciative Inquiry What is working really well? Why and how does it work? How do we amplify and build on what has meaning, value, and energy? Often used in community-based tourism development © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Relationships & Organization Appreciative Inquiry process Discovery Strategic Context Positive Core Dream Purpose Vision Deliver Structure Implement Design Relationships & Organization 4-Step Cycle © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Challenges facing good governance Tokenism Group think Skills, knowledge and experience © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

TOKENISM Symbolic representation and engagement rather than actual inclusiveness… © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Group think When people in a group setting make irrational or non-optimal decisions so as to conform or because dissent is discouraged Group members may self-censure from expressing doubts and judgments or disagreeing with the consensus. Group members may also ignore any ethical or moral consequences in order to reach a consensus © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Skills, knowledge and experience The success of both the process and the decisions depends on having representatives of stakeholders with experience, skills and knowledge in carrying out good governance AND sustainable tourism development Three types of knowledge are generally required: explicit knowledge – codified knowledge about how collaborations function well, decisions are made, policies are created, etc.; (ii) tacit knowledge – experience-based knowledge about the sustainability issues likely to arise through different tourism development scenarios; (iii) embedded knowledge – knowledge about the type of community concerned, its values and norms. Skills, knowledge and experience © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism

Other forms of tourism partnerships Sustainable tourism clusters Can help build that knowledge and experience Also useful to generate sustainability-solutions outside the governance context Work best when: Strong network ties that facilitate knowledge transfer An openness to new members and a reflexive approach to practice Cross-network interactions that provide members with new knowledge, ideas and technologies A source of learning activities A set of socio-cultural institutions that facilitate learning Other forms of tourism partnerships © Alexandra Coghlan 2019 Introduction to Sustainable Tourism