Fig. 1 The reduced A2 domain binds to the A1 domain and masks interaction with platelet GPIb. The reduced A2 domain binds to the A1 domain and masks interaction.

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Fig. 1 The reduced A2 domain binds to the A1 domain and masks interaction with platelet GPIb. The reduced A2 domain binds to the A1 domain and masks interaction with platelet GPIb. (A) The A1 domain binds the GPIb receptor on platelets, the A2 domain Tyr1605-Met1606 peptide bond is cleaved by ADAMTS13, and the A3 domain binds collagen exposed during vascular damage. The oxidized A2 crystal structure has a Protein Data Bank (PDB) identifier 3GXB. (B) Recombinant A2 (residues M1473 to L1675) produced in Escherichia coli and resolved on SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The positions of molecular weight markers are indicated on the left. (C) Differential cysteine alkylation and mass spectrometry method of measuring the redox state of the A2 domain cysteines. Unpaired cysteine thiols in the A2 domain are alkylated with 12C-IPA, and the disulfide bonded cysteine thiols with 13C-IPA after reduction with DTT. Alternatively, unpaired cysteine thiols in the A2 domain were alkylated with 13C-IPA, the protein was digested with Glu-C, and peptides were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. A search for peptides labeled with 13C-IPA at Cys1669 and an unknown adduct at Cys1670 was undertaken. The only adduct detected was S-glutathionylation. (D) The recombinant A2 domain exists in oxidized (87%), glutathionylated (11%), and reduced (2%) forms. Treatment of the domain with DTT results in 96% reduced and 4% oxidized protein. (E) Reduced but not oxidized A2 domains bind to the A1 domain immobilized on plastic. A2 binding was corrected for nonspecific binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA)–blocked wells. (F) Biomembrane force probe (BFP) protein functionalization. The probe bead (bottom left) was coated with the A1 domain and streptavidin (SA) for attachment of the bead to a biotinylated red blood cell (RBC). A1 is the focus for interaction with the GPIb on an aspired platelet (bottom right). The soluble A2 domain competes for this interaction. (G) Force-time traces from two representative test cycles. A target was driven to approach a probe, contacted, and retracted. In a no-bond event (black), the cycle ended after the probe-target separation. In a bond event (blue), the target was held (marked by *) at a preset force until dissociation. Lifetime is measured from the point when the clamped force (30 pN) was reached to the point when the bond dissociated, signified by a force drop to zero. (H) The reduced but not oxidized A2 domain competes for binding of platelet GPIb to the A1 domain (left). There were very few interactions of platelets with BSA-coated beads in the absence or presence of A2 (right). The adhesion frequencies (mean ± SEM) were measured on BFP from three independent experiments (n = 3 donors for human platelets) in the absence or presence of the 5 μM A2 domain. For each experiment, three (BSA-coated beads) or five (A1-coated beads) random bead-platelet pairs with 50 touches were analyzed and averaged. *P < 0.05, unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test. n.s., not significant. Diego Butera et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaaq1477 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).