Matter Notes Part I

Chemistry: “The Study of Matter”

Matter Has mass and volume

mass The amount of matter in an object The amount of stuff in stuff Basic unit for this is the gram (g) A measure of the force of gravity weight You will hear both terms used interchangeably. “Mass” is the preferred term in Regents Chemistry

Volume The amount of space matter takes up The basic unit for liquid and gaseous volume: the milliliter (mL) Basic unit for solid object: cm3 1.0 mL = 1.0 cm3 = 1.0 g water

Density Formula mass divided by volume g/mL or g/cm3 Drag out the Reference Tables

4 phases of matter Solid: definite shape, definite volume Liquid: definite volume, not definite shape Gas: no definite shape, no definite volume Plasma: rare on Earth, common in the universe (your book has one sentence on plasma: p. 856, last paragraph)

Solid: definite shape, definite volume Particles are close together Strong IMF (intermolecular forces) Draw:

Liquid: definite volume, not definite shape Particles are close together but can change position relative to each other. Medium IMF Draw:

Gas: no definite shape, no definite volume Particles have very little interaction with each other Very low IMF Draw:

Physical Property a quality or condition that can be observed without changing the composition e.g. solubility, odor, hardness, density

Chemical Property Ability for a substance to undergo a change e.g. reactivity with acid, reactivity with oxygen

Physical Change Does not change what the substance is, only its appearance Cutting, grinding, blending, melting, freezing Phase changes are ALWAYS physical changes

Chemical Change Changes what the substance is Burning, cooking, reacting with acid, rusting Not easy to change back

Pure substances Contain only one type of matter Elements and compounds e.g. water, neon, salt, glucose

Element Simplest form of matter that can exist under normal laboratory circumstances Cannot be separated into simpler substances by normal chemical means See Periodic Table of the Elements

Compound When two or more elements have reacted to form a bond and a new substance with new properties. Water, salt, glucose, carbon Dioxide

Mixture Physical blend of two or more substance Not chemically reacted Can be separated, relatively easily, by physical means

Heterogeneous mixture Not uniform composition (i.e. not the same all the way through)

Homogeneous mixture Completely uniform The same all the way through “homogenized” milk

Solutions Homogeneous mixtures Can be solid, liquid or gas (copper dissolved in silver is sterling silver, an alloy)

distillation A liquid is boiled to produce vapor and recondensed into a liquid Water Alcohol

Chemical symbols The Periodic Table of Elements are not abbreviations, they are symbols. One or two letters First letter is always capitalized Second letter is never capitalized Many symbols are based on Greek or Latin names

Reactants In a chemical reaction, what you start with

Products In a chemical reaction, what you end with