Chapter One The Indians and the French ILLINOIS Chapter One The Indians and the French

The Indians Pages 3-8

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Illinois Topography Vast prairies. Isolated forest. Product of gradual change because of glaciers. Four Glaciers Kansan Nebraskan Illinois Wisconsin

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Glaciers Glaciers covered most of the state, but bypassed the northwestern corner and the extreme southernmost area. Leveled hills and valleys. Deposited rocks and dirt. Topsoil was formed.

The Illiniwek The Illiniwek The Illini Algonquian-speaking Indians Migrated from Michigan to Illinois and Wisconsin. A loose confederation of several bands of Indians. Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Moingwena, Peoria, and Tamaroa.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French The Illiniwek The Illini Indians had early dealings with the European traders. Mainly w/ the French The Illinois Indians were in the Middle Mississippi River Valley to do their trading.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Illinois Indians Their villages were located in the Northeast. They contracted diseases from their European trading partners. Controlled the land between the Mississippi and Ohio.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Combined agriculture with hunting. Planted in the spring. Hunted in the summer (3-6 weeks). Harvested in the fall. Scattered into small camps for the winter. Recognized achievement in hunting, athletics and battle. Warriors received tattoos to show elevated status. War parties attacked other hunting parties or villages in the spring.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French In the 1660’s the Illini obtained firearms through trade. The Illini had an advantage over tribes to their west (Sioux), but were no match for the Iroquois to the east. The Iroquois captured many of the Illini, tortured and ate them. Eating the heart of an adversary would increase one’s bravery.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French The Illini were in decline when the French arrived. 13,000 to 700 They aligned themselves with the French seeking protection from the Iroquois.

Marquette and Jolliet Pages 8-11 The French Marquette and Jolliet Pages 8-11

Chapter One - The Indians and the French New France 1608 - Samuel de Champlain established the first French colony, called Quebec. 1663 - King Louis XIV made New France a royal colony. 1671 – France claimed the interior of the continent.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Why the French came The French first came to Illinois seeking to extend the fur trade Missionaries came to spread religion. Coureurs de bois – “runner of the woods fur traders They learned of a “big river” from the Indians.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French The Northwest Passage Europeans were consumed with finding a water route to the Pacific. Wanted to reach India for the gold, silks, & spices. The French hoped the “big river” would lead to the Pacific Ocean.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Marquette & Jolliet 1673 – An expedition was authorized to survey and find the “big river”. Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette were chosen to lead the expedition. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEEyM72Gb7U

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Jolliet 27 year old Canadian. Fur trader. Skilled cartographer mapmaker Familiar with the Great Lakes. Superior Huron Erie Ontario Michigan

Marquette Marquette 35 years old. Jesuit Priest. Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works Emigrated from France. Learned several dialects of the Algonquian language. Had established missions in the area.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Marquette & Jolliet May 17, 1673, they left from the mission at St. Ignace, Michigan Two canoes and five other men. They carefully documented their journey. They were the first white men to make a written record of Illinois. They paddled across Lake Michigan to Green Bay. Traveled down the Fox River and portaged to the Wisconsin River. Indians warned them not to proceed. They entered the Mississippi River on June 17.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Below the mouth of the Illinois River they saw the Piasa Bird painted on the bluff. Creature with a man’s face, a tiger’s beard, deer’s horns, and a serpent’s tail.

The Piasa Bird

Chapter One - The Indians and the French They continued down the river past the Ohio River. They realized this was not the passage they were seeking. Returning Home Turned around at the Arkansas River. Leaving the Mississippi, they traveled up the Illinois and Des Planes rivers to reach Lake Michigan.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Made friends with the Kaskaskia Indians. Father Marquette promised to return. He established a mission. In April 1675 he held Easter services with the Kaskaskians.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Jolliet His canoe flipped near Montreal in rapids. He lost two men and all of his records of the journey. Marquette’s records were the only ones left from the trip. Marquette died in May of 1675.

La Salle and Tonti Pages 11-12 The French La Salle and Tonti Pages 11-12

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Developing Illinois Gov. Frontenac chose La Salle to develop the Illinois country. He was to find precious minerals and the northwest passage for the govt. He received a monopoly on the fur trade.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Rene-Robert Cavalier, sieur de la Salle We’ll just call him La Salle. Came to Canada in 1666. Spent some time as a farmer. Started exploring at 23. Arrogant and domineering. Wanted fame and fortune.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Henry de Tonti La Salle’s partner. Italian soldier of fortune. Iron Hand (lost in battle). Indians thought he had mystical powers.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French The Griffon First sailing vessel on the Great Lakes. Weighed 45 tons. Carried La Salle to Green Bay and was returning with furs. It mysteriously disappeared without a trace.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Fort Crevecoeur First fort built by La Salle. Built on the future site of Peoria. Name means broken heart. Pressured by creditors, La Salle returned to Canada to try to find the Griffon. He left Tonti in charge. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7_yTnRNe9Y

Chapter One - The Indians and the French La Salle traveled 1,000 miles to Canada in 65 days. The men formed a mutiny against Tonti. Open rebellion against proper authorities The fort was destroyed. The Iroquois had destroyed the mission established by Marquette Tonti was wounded in the battle. La Salle found Tonti living with the Illini Indians.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Fort St. Louis Built by La Salle upon his return to Illinois. Built on Starved Rock. Was to be the capital of La Salle’s French empire. Gathered around 4,000 Indian warriors for protection.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French A New Governor Frontenac was replaced by a new governor. France closed all forts in IL except Ft. St. Louis and restricted activity. La Salle returned to France to plead with the King to change his mind.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French A New French Colony La Salle convinced the French to establish a colony in Louisiana. He left France with four ships and 250 men. One ship was captured by the Spanish. The others lost their way. The colonists landed in Texas & could not find the Mississippi River The colonists murdered LaSalle while looking for the Mississippi River 43 years old. Left unburied.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Tonti’s Search Some colonists made it to Starved Rock & told Tonti of La Salle’s death. Tonti tried to find his friend but was unsuccessful. Returned to Ft. St. Louis. Fort Pimitoui Tonti built Ft. Pimitoui near Peoria in 1692. Tonti’s trade was revoked by France Moved to Biloxi, MS. Explored the lower Mississippi Valley. 1704 died in Mobile, AL (Yellow Fever)

French Settlement Pages 12-20

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Cahokia 1699 The oldest interior settlement in the U.S. The first permanent settlement in IL. Established by Jesuit Priests.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Kaskaskia 1703 50 miles south of Cahokia. Leading French settlement. Commercial and cultural capital of the area. Established by Jesuits

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Prairie du Roche 15 miles north of Kaskaskia. Built near Fort de Chartres. The 3rd most important village in IL. Fort de Chartres Administrative center for the region. Constructed of logs & later rebuilt w/ stones. About 15 miles north of Kaskaskia. Strongest French military fort in the West.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French John Law and the Mississippi Bubble 1717, Louisiana annexed the IL country. 1718, administration turned over to Scotsman John Law. Law would colonize and develop the territory.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French In exchange, Law received a trade monopoly and ownership of all mines. Law’s plan failed by 1720. Reorganized as the Company of the West. Bankrupt and lost its charter. In 1732 Louisiana (including the IL territory) became a royal colony. Remained a royal colony until the end of French presence.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Slavery in Illinois Slaves (chattel) were first imported during the Law regime. Philippe Renault arrived in 1720 with 500 African slaves to work in the mines. When Renault left, he sold his slaves to people in the area.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French French population Never exceeded a few thousand. Census numbers undercounted and missed rural and migrant populations. French Canadians dominated the white population. Increasing numbers came from Europe. Catholic from Europe. European mercenaries who stayed after their tour of duty.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French The Paradis Terreste Granary for all of Louisiana. Principal supplier of wheat to the New Orleans area. The habitants lived in villages with open-field agriculture and common areas for pasture.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French French Villages Compact for security. Assemblées des habitants – village assemblies managed the communal agricultural system Most lived in modest one-story homes on narrow streets. The wealthy and govt. officials lived in larger homes with imported goods. Slave quarters were near the owner’s homes. Indians lived on the fringes of the communities.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French French/British Conflict French were isolated from the British by the Appalachian Mountains. 1750’s British encroached into the Ohio Valley. French suspect British of inciting Indians to attack.

Chapter One - The Indians and the French The French and Indian War Fighting between France & Great Britain Called the 7 Years’ War in Europe 1754-1763 Grain from IL and some soldiers were sent to the East British won on both fronts 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed ending the war France lost all of its territory east of the Mississippi River Britain ignored IL in the two years following the war

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Pontiac Experience Pontiac (Ottawa war chief) led Indians against the British & prevented them from occupying IL for 2 years. 1765, Pontiac makes peace w/ the British

Chapter One - The Indians and the French Captain Thomas Stirling The Black Watch Regiment take control of Fort de Chartres on Oct. 10, 1765 The Fleur-de-lis was lowered & the British Union Jack was raised

Chapter One - The Indians and the French British Control Many feared religious persecution and loss of slaves. Some fled to New Orleans or across the Mississippi. No persecution/kept their slaves. Open agriculture would end replaced by individual land ownership. Anglo-Americans overwhelmed French culture.