BES: Carbon/Nitrogen Review Photosynthesis May 20, 2019 Please open your journal to warm ups. Get your white nitrogen/carbon WS out.

Warm Up 5-20-19 Chloroplast are a very important organelle for plants. Explain why. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast. Plants are the basis of all life on Earth. They are classified as the producers of the world.

Team Carbon & Team Nitrogen Time to teach your neighbors about your cycle! Teams 2 & 3 Teams 4 & 5 Teams 6 & 7 Teams 8 & 9 Begin with the diagram. Go through all the ways your element moves throughout our planet. Go through questions next.

What can you tell me about Photosynthesis and Respiration? Use a color pencil or color pen. Your “pre-assessment” will be in one color. At the end of the lesson you will do a “post-assessment” in a different color. Write and sketch as much information as possible. You will also have a quiz over P & R as well and C & N cycles next week.

5/29/19 NOTES: Photosynthesis

Where does a plant get its energy? Could a plant in the dark continue to grow? Where do plants get their energy to grow? Watch the plants growing in dark (left side) and light (right side) video. Check out Mod 8.1 on Educurious for the video clip. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Based on your own observations… What color were the leaves as they first emerged from the soil? Later, what happened to the color of the leaves?

What do plants need to grow? NOTES: Brainstorm What do plants need to grow? Energy, Water, Sunlight, Food, and Carbon All life on Earth is carbon- based All living things depend on carbon to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (in other words…food!) Brainstorm all reasonable answers, type in during discussion ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: Where do we get carbon? Consumers, including humans, get carbon from food. Primary producers get carbon from CO2 in the air. They use it to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Glucose Sucrose Starch Cellulose Note: Plants do not gain mass from taking up soil. They make their own mass by converting CO2 to carbohydrates through photosynthesis. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: How do organisms lose carbon? All organisms, including plants, lose carbon through a process called respiration. Plants respire all the time, and also lose carbon when they lose their leaves. The graph to the right shows atmospheric carbon changes happen seasonally because many plants lose their leaves in the fall. Red is CO2 concentration, black is average of 7 seasonal cycles centered on that date. Animals lose carbon by exhaling CO2 and through eliminating waste. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: Photosynthesis and Respiration Cellular Respiration ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: Where does photosynthesis occur in a cell? Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: What are the 2 key reactions of photosynthesis that are essential for life on our planet? 1. Splitting of water to make oxygen. 2. Fixation of CO2 from the air to make food for the plant. Draw this diagram. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

What are similarities and differences you see between the 2 explanations of photosynthesis? 1. Splitting of water to make oxygen. 2. Fixation of CO2 from the air to make food for the plant. 14 ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: Photosynthesis DEEP DIVE! Watch this video clip and pay close attention to what happens when plants take in water and carbon dioxide. Answer this question: What is carbon fixation? Photo & Carbon Fixation Video Clip

Elodea Experiment You will design an experiment to measure photosynthesis and respiration in plants. Bromothymol blue is an indicator (chemical) that turns water different colors depending on how much CO2 is in it. What color does it start out as? Use a drinking straw to blow air into a tube. What color does it turn when you blow into it? Why? Lots of CO2 = yellow (respiration) Less CO2 = blue (photosynthesis) ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: What is respiration? During cellular respiration, cells beak down glucose to form ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is a chemical compound cells use to store or release energy. It is used by all living things. Both plants and animals perform cellular respiration. Respiration can occur with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic). ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

NOTES: Where does respiration occur in the cell? Mitochondrion Cytosol O2 Organic Molecules CO2 +H2O ATP ATP Animal cell Plant cell ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Measuring Cell Respiration There are 3 ways to measure cellular respiration in an organism: Amount of ATP produced by cells Carbon dioxide production Oxygen use Respirometers measure oxygen use and carbon dioxide production. They can estimate how much energy is being used at the cellular level. Respirometer in use. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Respiration is the Opposite of Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6 H12O6 + 6 O2 Respiration C6 H12O6 + 6 O2 -> energy (ATP) +6CO2 + 6H2O ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Three Stages of Cellular Respiration ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Glycolysis and Fermentation These processes occur in the cytosol/cytoplasm of the cell without oxygen, and produce a small amount of usable energy (ATP) for an organism. Yeast fermentation is the process that makes bread rise, and creates alcohol in beer and wine. Lactate fermentation is the process that makes yogurt, and also causes muscle soreness after vigorous exercise. Click link for animation of glycolysis: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review2.html ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes that make mitochondrial proteins are also found. The Krebs Cycle is often called the Citric Acid Cycle. It produces a small amount of ATP from pyruvate, a result of glycolysis Ribosomes are responsible for phytoremediating metals in Brassicas. Clink link for animation of Krebs Cycle: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review3.html ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

ADP to ATP The electron transport chain moves electrons around the mitochondria to help convert ADP to ATP. This process produces a lot of ATP (energy) for an organism. Electron transport and chemiosmosis Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl coenzyme A Acetyle CoA Glucose Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP Click link for animation of electron transport: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

What causes muscles to get tired? When you exercise hard and get “out of breath,” not enough oxygen reaches cells to trigger the more energy- producing forms of aerobic respiration that happen in a cell’s mitochondria. Instead, when cells lack oxygen, they produce energy (ATP) through the anaerobic processes of glycolysis and fermentation. This makes lactic acid build up in muscle tissue, which causes sore muscles. Notice that anaerobic respiration produces only 2 ATP, while aerobic produces up to 34. That is why hard physical activity can only be kept up for a little while, while a person can be somewhat active for much longer. ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org

Respiration/Muscle Fatigue Lab How many times can you squeeze a clothespin before your muscles get tired? ©2018 Educurious Partners. All rights reserved. www.educurious.org