Introduction to Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology

About this Chapter What is physiology? A review of organ systems Evolution and integration from cell to human The concept of homeostasis is introduced Themes in Physiology The science of Physiology Experimental design Data

Levels of Organization Physiology defined: Study of the normal functioning of a living organism Literally means ‘knowledge of nature’ Organization of life The cell is the unit of life Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems & organisms Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

Just SOME of what Biochem students have to learn… (…and what professors have to make sound interesting)

Organ Systems In Review Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Immune Integumentary Musculoskeletal Nervous Reproductive Urinary Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

Concept Mapping Structure and function Integration across Cells Tissues Organs Flow charts Follow process In sequence

Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology Concept Mapping Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

Evolution of Physiological Systems Cell Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Organism Protective cells Exchange cells External environment Homeostasis Defined Emergent properties Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

Homeostasis & Controls External or internal change Loss of homeostasis Physiological attempt to correct Sensors, integrating center Response of cells & organs

Homeostasis & Controls Successful compensation Homeostasis reestablished Failure to compensate Pathophysiology Illness Death Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body Themes in Physiology Homeostasis Structure/function relationships Integration of systems Communication Membranes & exchange Energy Mass balance Mass flow & resistance Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

Scientific Inquiry & Knowledge Observation & experimentation Hypothesis Variables Independent Dependant Controls Data Replication Theory Models

Human Experiments Genetic variables Placebo effect Nocebo effect Ethics

Correlation does not equal Causation 1. The Japanese eat very little fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. 2. The Mexicans eat a lot of fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. 3. The Chinese drink very little red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. 4. The Italians drink a lot of red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. 5. The Germans drink a lot of beers and eat lots of sausages and fats and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. CONCLUSION Eat and drink what you like. Speaking English is apparently what kills you

Formats of Experimental Design Crossover study Blind studies Double-blind studies Double-blind crossover studies

Time Duration of Experiments Longitudinal studies Prospective studies Cross sectional studies Retrospective studies Meta-analysis

Medicine and Medical Devices in the US = A For-Profit Industry $$$

Summary Organ systems Structures & functions The cell, the organism, the outside environment Homeostatic balancing Review of themes: communication, energy, membranes, body compartments, flow and balance Scientific inquiry- good science Experimental designs Representing the data