Chapter 9: Church and States I. Reforms in the Church

Need for Reform Great wealth and possessions Lay investiture Reform movement Cluny monastery Cistercians Bernard of Clairvaux

Rivalry Between Pope and Emperor College of Cardinals Would choose the popes Gregory VII Benedictine monk and advocate of reform Struggle with Henry IV

New Religious Orders Emphasized service to one’s fellow man Friars Mendicant (“begging”) orders Francis of Assisi Franciscan Order

New Religious Orders Dominic Dominican order Reputation for learning Leaders of the Inquisition

Zenith of the Papacy Papal authority exceeded that of kings Innocent III Established authority over all of Europe

Papal Weapons Excommunication Interdict Inquisition

Chapter 9: Church and States II. A European Empire

Founding of the German Kingdom Henry the Fowler Otto I Asserted his authority Relations with church authorities Defeated Magyars

Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire Otto conquered Lombardy King of Italy Otto marched into Rome Crowned emperor by the pope

Establishment of the Holy Roman Empire Union of Germany and Italy Union of church and state

Conflict Within the Empire Conflict of Interest Divided between Germany and Italy Conflict with Popes Emperors intervene in papal affairs Lay investiture

Conflict Within the Empire Conflict with Nobles Salian House Unsuccessful attempts at establishing strong central monarchy Civil wars after 1125 Development of feudalism Power of nobles

The Empire Under the Hohenstaufens Frederick I 1152-1190 Meddled in Italy Marriage alliance with Sicily

The Empire Under the Hohenstaufens Frederick II 1215-1250 Ward of Pope Innocent III Innocent tried to get him to give up Sicily Focused on Italy and Sicily

Chapter 9: Church and States III. Rise of Feudal Monarchies

England The Anglo-Saxons Settle England Angles Saxons Danes

England Alfred the Great 871-899 Defeated Danes Patron of learning Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Built navy Shires

England Canute Edward the Confessor

England William of Normandy Conquers England Edward the Confessor died in 1066 Harold was elected king William claimed the throne was promised to him

England Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066 William was victorious Feudal lord over entire country Tenants-in-chief Appointed bishops in his realm Domesday Book

England Reforms Strengthen Royal Authority Henry II Frenchman with much wealth and territory in France Established circuit courts under royal authority

England Courts Indictments Juries Common law Thomas à Becket

England Magna Carta Limits Royal Power Richard I Spent most of his reign outside of England John, his brother, plotted to overthrow him

England John Conflicts with French king, pope, and English nobles Philip II takes control of John’s French possessions Struggle over Archbishop of Canterbury Magna Carta (1215)

England Parliament Becomes an Important Institution Edward I Conquered Wales Parliament Witan Curia regis

England Parliament Enlarged membership “Model Parliament” House of Commons House of Lords Gradually became more powerful “Power of the purse”

France The Capetians and Their Royal House Hugh Capet Steadily increased their power No wars of succession Effective centralized government Allies

France Philip II and Royal Expansion Île-de-France Philip II “Augustus” Real founder of France Increased land in the royal domain Baillis One major setback

France Louis IX and Royal Dignity Called ideal medieval king Peace and justice were primary goals Involved in Crusades

France Philip IV and Royal Strength Expanded royal power Increased size of government Increased revenue of government

France Philip IV and Royal Strength Conflict with Boniface VIII Philip had support of French people Estates-General

Chapter 9: Church and States IV. Rescue of the Holy Land

The Call Seljuk Turks moved in Pope Urban II called for a holy crusade Overwhelming response

The Crusaders: Their Motives Pious desires Adventure Fame and fortune Opportunity to fight Commercial gain Roman Church promises

The Campaigns First Crusade (1096-99) Initial arrivals were slaughtered Most successful Captured Jerusalem Established small feudal kingdoms

The Campaigns Kings’ Crusade (1189-92) Also known as Third Crusade Saladin Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus, Richard the Lion-Hearted Three-year truce reached

The Campaigns The “Diverted” Crusade Also known as Fourth Crusade Attacked Zara Pillaged Constantinople

The Campaigns Later Crusades Poorly organized Lacked strong leadership Not successful Greater concern for exploration and commercial interests

The Consequences For the Middle East Islam remained dominant Desire by Europeans to find alternate routes to the East

The Consequences For Medieval Europe Crusades weakened the feudal structure of Europe Crusades expanded the commercial activity of Europe Early Crusades strengthened the leadership of the papacy

The Consequences For Medieval Europe Crusades opened new horizons to the people of medieval Europe