Molecular biology: A brief overview

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Molecular biology: A brief overview Vivian Gahtan, MD, Eric T. Olson, BA, Bauer E. Sumpio, MD, PhD Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 35, Issue 3, Pages 563-568 (March 2002) DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.120039 Copyright © 2002 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Transcription and translation of the genetic code. The three major processes involved in the transmission of genetic information are: A, DNA replication, which involves the synthesis of a complementary strand of an original DNA template; B, DNA transcription, in which a complementary mRNA strand is synthesized from an original DNA template; and C, translation of mRNA, resulting in protein synthesis. Each process is represented in this figure, with the commonly used molecular biology techniques applied to study these processes. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2002 35, 563-568DOI: (10.1067/mva.2002.120039) Copyright © 2002 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The cell cycle. The four basic phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle are shown. The G1 phase involves most protein biosynthesis. The S-phase entails most of the cell's DNA synthesis and some additional protein synthesis. The G2 phase is characterized by the protein synthesis necessary for mitosis. In the M phase, the chromosomes condense and cell replication (mitosis) is initiated. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2002 35, 563-568DOI: (10.1067/mva.2002.120039) Copyright © 2002 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. DNA strand breaks with exposed carboxy (-OH) termini are labeled, conjugated, and studied to determine in vitro pre-programmed cell death or apoptosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2002 35, 563-568DOI: (10.1067/mva.2002.120039) Copyright © 2002 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Western immunoblot analysis. Cell lysates are subjected to electrophoresis, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, incubated with protein-specific primary and marker-labeled (conjugated) secondary antibodies, and subsequently detected by means of chemiluminescence and x-ray film development. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2002 35, 563-568DOI: (10.1067/mva.2002.120039) Copyright © 2002 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immobilized antigens are incubated with protein-specific primary antibodies and marker-labeled (conjugated) secondary antibodies. Protein complexes are then quantified by means of colorimetric assay. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2002 35, 563-568DOI: (10.1067/mva.2002.120039) Copyright © 2002 Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vascular Surgery Terms and Conditions