Chapter 17: Reaction and Revolution I. Search for Stability

Grand Alliance Britain Austria Prussia Russia

Congress of Vienna Rulers and diplomats Most negotiations done in small or secret meetings

Congress of Vienna Major figures: Lord Castlereagh, foreign minister of Britain Alexander I, czar of Russia Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austrian minister of foreign affairs

Congress of Vienna Major figures: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, new foreign minister of France Able to secure favorable settlement for France

Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe Safeguards Against France Reducing its boundaries Indemnities Buffered by strong powers

Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe Restoration of Legitimate Rulers Napoleon had put some of his relatives on European thrones Louis XVIII

Congress of Vienna Redrawing the Map of Europe Grants of Compensation Additional territory Balance of Power

Congress of Vienna Final Settlement at Vienna Napoleon defeated at Waterloo Redrawing of the map Explosive precedent

Concert of Europe Establishing the Alliance System Quadruple Alliance: Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain Quintuple Alliance once France joined “Congress system”

Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System Conservatives were back in power Spirit of revolution and democratic reform still alive

Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System Suppressed Revolts in Spain and Italy Briefly successful

Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System Weakness of the Congress System Latin American colonies British objections Monroe Doctrine National interests

Concert of Europe Testing the Alliance System Success of the Greek Revolt Turkish massacres Britain, Russia, and France defeated Turkish forces Treaty of Adrianople

New Phases of Revolution Liberalism Individual rights Personal freedoms Democratic reforms Supported by middle class Lower classes often wanted faster change

New Phases of Revolution Nationalism Seeking independence Ethnic interests Italian and German states Discontent with the old order

New Phases of Revolution Revolts of the 1830s Louis XVIII Charles X July Revolution Charles X fled Louis Philippe chosen as the new king Ignited other revolts in Europe

New Phases of Revolution Revolts of the 1830s Belgium Declared independence Treaty of London Rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia forcefully suppressed uprisings

New Phases of Revolution Revolts of 1848 Resentment remained among lower classes Began in Paris Rioting and barricades Louis Philippe fled Second French Republic “June Days”

New Phases of Revolution Revolts of 1848 Louis Napoleon 1852 coup d’état Emperor Napoleon III Austria Metternich forced to resign Franz Josef I crushed revolts

New Phases of Revolution Revolts of 1848 Russia Czar Nicholas I “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism” Russification

New Phases of Revolution Failure of the Revolts Most ended in failure Governments oppressed subjects Some citizens threw off all restraints

Chapter 17: Reaction and Revolution II. Triumph of Nationalism

Triumph of Nationalism Realpolitik The politics of reality Any means necessary to advance national goals

Crimean War Britain, France, and Sardinia against Russia Czar Nicholas tried to provoke war with Turks Russia defeated Ottoman Empire kept from being destroyed

Nationalism Italian Unification Risorgimento Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Prime minister of Sardinia Allied with Napoleon III Lombardy Subsequent revolts

Nationalism Italian Unification Giuseppe Garibaldi Victor Emmanuel II “Red Shirts” Conquered Sicily, Naples, and much of southern Italian mainland Victor Emmanuel II Kingdom of Italy

Nationalism German Unification Zollverein Otto von Bismarck Devoted to realpolitik Became chancellor of Prussia War with Denmark and Austria Schleswig and Holstein

Nationalism German Unification Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War Won quickly by Prussia Franco-Prussian War Throne of Spain France quickly defeated Kaiser Wilhelm I becomes emperor of German Reich

Reforms in Austria and Russia The Dual Monarchy Hungarians made equal partners within the Austro-Hungarian Empire Ruled by Franz Josef I

Reforms in Austria and Russia Russia under Alexander II Alexander II implemented some social reforms Harsh policies returned under Alexander III

Chapter 17: Reaction and Revolution III. Protest of Romanticism

Romanticism Reaction against: Restraint of the Age of Reason Violence of French Revolution Repression following Napoleonic Wars Harsh working conditions

Romanticism in Literature Longing for Distant Lands and Distant Past Sir Walter Scott Ivanhoe Victor Hugo The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Romanticism in Literature Longing for Distant Lands and Distant Past Samuel Taylor Coleridge “Kubla Khan” “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

Romanticism in Literature Fascination with the Supernatural and Mysterious Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm German fairy tales Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Faust

Romanticism in Literature Fascination with the Supernatural and Mysterious Edgar Allan Poe “The Raven” “The Fall of the House of Usher”

Romanticism in Literature Glorification of the Noble Savage Man is at his best in a primitive environment American Indians James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans

Romanticism in Literature Emphasis on Nature William Wordsworth His philosophy

Romanticism in Literature Love of Freedom Rebellion against constraints of society George Gordon, Lord Byron Percy Bysshe Shelley “Queen Mab”

Romanticism in Literature Pride of Nationalism Aleksandr Pushkin Founder of modern Russian literature

Romanticism in Music Different from the Classical Age New instruments Nationalism Many countries had a national composer

Romanticism in Music Ludwig van Beethoven Bridged gap between classical and romantic music Teacher: Haydn

Romanticism in Music Composers of piano music Frédéric Chopin Polish Franz Liszt Hungarian Rhapsodies Accomplished pianist

Romanticism in Music Composers of orchestral music Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Symphonies, ballets, overtures Nutcracker 1812 Overture Johannes Brahms

Romanticism in Music Composers of opera Giuseppe Verdi Richard Wagner Associated with resurgence of Italian nationalism Richard Wagner Nationalistic flavor Motifs

Romanticism in Art Use of bright colors Subject matter French painters Jacques-Louis David Eugène Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

Romanticism in Art English painters John Constable J. M. W. Turner Landscape paintings Greens J. M. W. Turner Landscapes and seascapes Yellows and oranges