Please be seated, Please be quiet 21 September 2018 Good morning Please be seated, Please be quiet Prepare yourself as our historical adventure continues with a look into the East Asian World. This leg will take our investigation into the Ming and Qing Dynasties... HOMEWORK Enjoy Your Weekend!!!!!!

Ming and Qing Dynasties East Asian World Ming and Qing Dynasties

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Qing Dynasty (1644-1911/2) Origin Foundeb by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1368 Chinese Established in 1363 by Manchus from Manchuria Manchus overtook the capital of Beijing in 1644 and replaced the Ming Dynasty Gov’t Centralized Bureaucracy employing officials chosen by civil service exams (thus an effective government) Constantly fought off invasion by the Mongols and Japanese raiders on the coastal cities Retained the Ming style of government and employed Chinese officials, but placed Manchus in half of the top positions Adopted a policy of pacification toward the Mongols

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Qing Dynasty (1644-1911/2) Accomplishments Developed a nationwide school system Increased its manufactured goods Renovated the Grand Canal Extended the Great Wall Built the Forbidden City Increased territory to three times that of Ming China Traded with Russia Developed the Peking opera Saw the flouring of vernacular novels and adventure and romance Decline High Taxes, corruption within the government and an epidemic led to a peasant revolt Manchus conquered Beijing and replaced the Ming Dynasty in 1644 Corrupt officials and higher taxes led to rural unrest Population growth led to economic hardship and revolt Restrictive trade policies limited growth Restricted the British to less interaction after asking for assess to more cities

Ming Dynasty extended its rule into Mongolia and central Asia Ming Dynasty extended its rule into Mongolia and central Asia. Along the northern frontier, the Chinese strengthened the Great Wall and made peace with the nomadic tribes that had troubled them for many centuries

Imperial city Commissioned by Emperor Yong Le of the Ming dynasty in 1406 and was officially occupied by the court in 1420. The architecture of the Imperial City reflects the traditional Chinese geometric practice of feng shui. The orientation follows a north-south pattern, with the most important buildings facing south to honor the sun.

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties The Ming Dynasty In the late 1300s, Ming Hong Wu became the first Ming emperor. In 1406, Ming Hong Wu’s son, Yong Le, began construction of Beijing, which would become China’s capital. Young Le sent Admiral Zheng He to explore foreign lands. Additionally, Zheng He led the naval voyages of exploration Portugal was the first European country to visit Ming China. Late sixteenth century internal power struggles weakened the Ming Dynasty. Northern Manchus conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty.

Zheng He was a Chinese admiral, diplomat, and explorer Zheng He was a Chinese admiral, diplomat, and explorer. Emperor Yong Le selected him to lead a series of maritime expeditions, beginning in 1405. In these travels throughout the Indian Ocean and as far as Egypt and the African coast, he exercised great diplomacy. Zheng He’s missions extended China’s political influence throughout Asia

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties The Ming Dynasty Portugal was the first European country to visit Ming China. Portuguese had little impact on Chinese society Cultural exchange: Christian missionaries Technology Clocks – Eyeglasses Printing – Books

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Fall of the Ming Dynasty Late sixteenth century internal power struggles weakened the Ming Dynasty. Northern Manchus conquered China and established the Qing Dynasty. What led to the end of the Ming dynasty? Internal power struggles Government corruption High taxes Bad weather for crops – Crop production decreased Epidemic Peasant revolt

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties The Qing Dynasty Opportunity for the Manchus (Manchuria): Farming and Hunting people Forces defended Ming by conquering Beijing, thus the end of the Ming Dynasty. Due to some Chinese resistance and seizure of Taiwan, what happened? Manchu leaders required all men in China to adopt Manchu dress and braid their hair (queue). Manchu emperors allowed Chinese men to hold most government jobs, although not the most important ones. Perhaps the greatest Qing emperor was Kangxi. He ended unrest in outlying provinces and cultivated trade with Russia.

Kangxi, the second emperor of the Qing dynasty, ruled from 1661 to 1722. He took the throne at the age of 7, ruling in name only; the official rulers were four Manchu courtiers from the previous reign. At the age of 15, supposedly with the help of his grandmother and tutor, Kangxi staged a coup against two of the courtiers and gained control of China. As emperor, he went on to gain Thailand from the Zheng regime, block invasions from Russia (Treaty of Nerchinsk) , and incorporate Tibet into the empire. Christian missions reached their heights under his reign. He opened four ports for trade. He also commissioned many books, such as the dictionary of Chinese characters and the official history of the Ming dynasty

Qing Dynasty under Kangxi (KAHNG-SHEE)

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Chinese Culture During the Qing Dynasty Manchurian Culture Introduced During Qing Dynasty Chinese Culture Retained During the Qing Dynasty The Manchus preserved their identity by legally defining themselves as distinct from everyone else in China Literature was censored during the reign of Emperor Qianlong to eliminate anti-Manchu statements All males in China had to adopt the Manchu dress and hairstyle. The hairstyle, called a queue, involved shaving the forehead and braiding the hair into a pigtail To gain Chinese support, the Manchus kept the Ming form of government. The Chinese remained in government, but the Manchus filled half of the top positions Literature remained focused on classic forms Women remained subordinate to their husbands and were not allowed to take government positions

Europeans in China Qing dynasty experienced the greatest period of prosperity and reached its greatest physical size. It was during this great reign, however, that the first signs of decay appeared. Why did this happen? Qianlong also enforced strict censorship of texts that were considered anti-Manchu. failed to take seriously the economic power of the West, turning down a diplomatic request to open Chinese markets to the English. He wrote to George III that his country had no need of “your country’s” goods.

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Europeans in China In the late 1700s, a rebellion weakened the Qing Dynasty. The imperial court sold limited trade privileges to Europeans at first. Yet, wanted to limit contact between Chinese and Europeans Restricted to an island and only could trade October to March Tea, silk, and porcelain from China were in high demand in Britain. A negative balance of trade led the British government to seek more liberal trade policies from China, but the emperor refused.

Reception of the Diplomatique and his Suite at the Court of Pekin,” Lord Macartney (England) look timid and eager to trade Chinese look aloof and uninterested

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Economy and Daily Life Farming continued to be the dominant economic activity during the Ming and Qing dynasties. China’s population reached 300 million by the late 1700s. Trade between provinces and manufacturing increased. merchants and manufacturers expanded their trade: Silk – Porcelain – Cotton goods Government controlled commercial activity Business was considered inferior to farming

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Economy and Daily Life The Traditional Family Structure The ideal family unit in Qing China was the extended family. Grandparents, parents, and children lived together under the same roof. Clan Education took place in the home. When a son married, his bride came to live with the son’s family.

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Economy and Daily Life The Traditional Family Structure Taking care of one another helped the Chinese to survive (sacrifice individual needs to benefit the whole of the family) Elderly people were respected and cared for by younger family members. Many families lived on a farm, surrounded by other relatives in a group called a clan. Individual family members were expected to sacrifice their needs for the larger family unit.

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Economy and Daily Life Roles: Chinese society considered women to be inferior. Men Formal educations – Government – Scholars Could divorce wife if no sons Support wives and children

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Economy and Daily Life Roles: Women Could not divorce or inherit property were limited to family roles Foot binding was considered a status symbol in the Qing society.

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Art and Literature During the Ming Dynasty, the printing of books became more widespread in China. The Forbidden City was a brilliant architectural achievement of the period. Blue-and-white Ming porcelain was highly prized.

Blue-and-White Porcelain Jade Art Daoism, which promotes an accepting, carefree attitude, had a strong influence in Chinese art. This carving uses mountain and cavern imagery to represent the intersection of heaven and earth. Blue-and-White Porcelain most famous of all the arts of the Ming Era. Europeans admired the beauty of this porcelain and collected it in great quantities. Ming vase Porcelain artist studied nature to perfect their skills in painting traditional scenes

East Asian World – Ming and Qing Dynasties Mongol Dynasty Genghis Khan led the Mongols, a nomadic people of Central Asia, in an invasion of China in 1211. Kublai Khan ascended to power and established the Yuan dynasty in 1271. The Mongols were the first foreign invaders to control the entire Chinese empire. Mongol emperors rebuilt the Grand Canal, repaired roads and postal stations, and promoted trade. Social and ethnic discontent developed. Rebel armies led by Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew Mongol rule in 1368. Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming dynasty and took the name Ming Hong Wu.