Energy production in all eukaryotic cells

CELLULAR RESPIRATION & ATP 1. Draw the mitochondria & label the reactants and products of respiration with arrows 2. What is ATP and why is it like a rechargeable battery? 3. Contrast Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration (location it occurs, amount of ATP produced, types of organisms/cells) 4. summarize the path of energy using the words: ATP, glucose, sunlight, chloroplast, mitochondria, photosynthesis, respiration 5. Which processes & cells require a lot of ATP energy

Organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food—autotrophs (auto = self) Ex: plants and some microorganisms like (some) bacteria and algae (Protists)

Organisms that CANNOT use the sun’s energy to make food—heterotrophs Ex: animals and most microorganisms

AdenineRibose 3 Phosphate groups Cell Energy: ATP & ADP Cells usable source of energy is called ATP Fuels all energy requiring processes ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate It has 3 phosphates and is like a fully charged battery created by the mitochondria during respiration

ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate It has 2 phosphates and less energy, like a battery that needs to be recharged ADP can be recharged with the energy from glucose AdenineRibose2 Phosphate groups

When the cell has energy available from glucose it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy

ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.

Add a P phosphate stores energy, remove P phosphate releases energy

ATP is a reusable & rechargeable energy molecule

Respiration is a life process common to all living things, only organisms with chlorophyll can carry out photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration The process by which food molecules are broken down to produce ATP Takes place in all living cells- plants & animals May take place WITH or WITHOUT oxygen

Cellular Respiration continued… occurs in ALL cells All cells (including bacteria) this process begins in the cytoplasm Eukaryotes have a mitochondria where glucose is converted into much more usable energy (ATP)

What is this energy used for? SYNTHESIS-used to make large molecules from smaller ones MOVEMENT-To allow muscles to contract in animals REGULATION/HOMEOSTASIS -To maintain a constant body temperature ACTIVE TRANSPORT -To move molecules against their concentration

Aerobic respiration occurs in 2 steps step 1: breaks glucose in half step 2: breaks glucose down completely Step 1: glycolysis In cytoplasm without oxygen Step 2: in mitochondria with oxygen (oxidation)

The first step to breaking down food is called glycolysis and this occurs in the cytoplasm cytoplasm mitochondria

Glycolysis literally breaks glucose in two, thus releasing a little bit of ATP energy Bacteria and all eukaryotes (plant and animals) use a little bit of their ATP energy to do this Since bacteria are simple unicellular prokaryotes this is where their story ends

Site of respiration in eukaryotes: Mitochondria This organelle is where oxygen is combined to release much more ATP energy from food It has folded membranes inside to increase surface area for chemical reactions

Mitochondria Site of the cellular respiration-breaks down glucose into 34 molecules of ATP Only in eukaryotes (plant & animal cells)

Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz Respiration and the mighty mitochondria

2 kinds of Cellular Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic aerobic anaerobic

Aerobic Cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy Aerobic: occurs in the presence of OXYGEN, only in cells with mitochondria, releases more (36-38 ATP) energy Chemical Formula: Words:

This second step in the mitochondria produces 90% more energy than glycolysis alone!

Anaerobic Respiration Also called FERMENTATION Anaerobic: Occurs Without Oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells, releases small amount of ATP energy (2-4 ATP) Chemical Formula: Lactic acid in human muscle: Alcohol in yeast and bacteria:

Anaerobic Respiration does not have the available oxygen (muscle cells) EX: Creates Lactic Acid or alcohol (not water) in absence of oxygen Or lacks mitochondria (all bacteria and yeast) EX: used by prokaryotes who lack organelles like mitochondria Occurs when an organism needs to create energy, but

Anaerobic Respiration= Fermentation Much less ATP produced than in aerobic respiration We can use this process to make foods like wine, beer, sauerkraut, pickles, kimchi, cheese and more!

2 kinds of Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic Lactic acid

Anaerobic vs Aerobic respiration Anaerobic: no oxygen is required Produces a small amount of energy (2 ATP) Occurs in cytoplasm Examples: o Alcoholic fermentation: yeast create alcohol o Lactic acid fermentation: in muscles & bacteria create lactic acid Aerobic: requires oxygen Produces much, more energy (36 ATP) Occurs in mitochondria Examples: o Cellular respiration in PLANTS & ANIMALS o In all cells with mitochondria

Factors that affect Cellular Respiration Cells require energy for activities such as growth and cell division. In animals, muscle cells require energy for contracting and nerve cells require energy for transmitting nerve impulses. If oxygen is present then animal, plant and yeast cells can carry out aerobic respiration. The overall process of aerobic respiration is illustrated above. If oxygen is absent then respiration can still take place. Animal, plant and yeast cells complete the breakdown of food by carrying out fermentation.

Factors that affect Cellular Respiration 15 times more energy is released per molecule of glucose when oxygen is present and aerobic respiration occurs. The process of respiration is controlled by specific enzymes so is affected by the temperature and pH of the cell environment. Graph showing rate of respiration on y axis and temperature on x axis. The graph rises at a 45 degree angle until about three quarters of the way along the x axis then falls steeply.

3 stooges activity

1.Why did we add sugar/glucose to the flask? 2.What product will the balloon catch? 3.These yeast are under water, so what type of respiration are they going to use? a.What other waste product will they produce?-(remember they are yeast)

1.What are the reactants of respiration? What was missing in this setup? 2.What gas did the bubbles in the flask contain? 3.These yeast are using anaerobic respiration, what does that mean? a.Remove the balloon and smell the gas, what does it smell like? What can yeast make?

What would happen to life on Earth if the sun went out?

Only photosynthesis can convert the sun’s energy into food. Aerobic or cellular respiration produces much more ATP

Solar-light energy Is converted into Organic molecule-glucose Is converted into Chemical energy- ATP

Comparing Photosynthesis and respiration Photosynthesis-stores solar energy in glucose Respiration-Releases ATP energy from glucose

They are opposite processes: The reactants of one are the products of the other