Pre-history and Anglo-Saxon Period to 1066 800BC-1066 Stonehenge (c. 2000 BC) 1

Celtic Invasion Between 800 and 600 BC, two groups of Celts moved into the British isles: The Britons settled in Britain. The Gaels settled in Ireland. Julius Caesar described the Celts as: Light-skinned, fair-haired, and blue eyed Shepherds, farmers, fierce fighters Artistic, imaginative, loved beauty Skilled with tin and iron

The Celts Farmers and hunters Organized into tightly knit clans Skilled artisans Introduced the use of iron to Europe Highly developed religion, mythology, and legal system that specified individual rights

The Celts (con’t) Disputes were settled by a class of priests known as Druids Druids presided over religious rituals (sacrifices and prayers) Druids also memorized and recited long, heroic poems to preserve the people’s history Celtic legends are full of strong women, like Queen Maeve of Connacht in Ireland. 4

Celtic Religion Animism: From the Latin word for “spirit” Saw spirit everywhere: in rivers, trees, stones, ponds, fire, and thunder Spirits or gods controlled all aspects of existence and had to be constantly satisfied. Druids acted as intermediaries between the gods and people. Summary

The Roman Conquest In 55 BC and 56 BC, Julius Caesar made hasty invasions. True conquest, however, occurred 100 years later under the Roman emperor Claudius in 43 AD. Roman rule of Britain lasted for nearly 400 years, ending only when Rome was threatened in Italy. The last Roman legions left for Rome in 407 AD. 6

Roman Rule Constructed a system of well-paved roads and founded cities Erected Hadrian’s Wall to protect from Picts and Scots Brought skills in the art of warfare Introduced Roman law and order Used Latin Introduced Christianity (597 AD) Failed to teach the Britons much about self- defense 7

Roman Rule (con’t) Roman Roads: 5,000 miles of stone roads Linked tribal capitals and towns, especially London, York, Winchester Facilitated trade, the collection of taxes, and the movement of troops Hadrian’s Wall: Linked the North Sea and the Atlantic Held back the Picts and Scots for 250 years Summary

Early Anglo-Saxon Life The next invaders of Britain were the Anglo-Saxons: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came from Denmark, Holland, Germany, and Scandinavia. The Celts resisted the invaders for a number of years under the leadership of a great king, possibly the inspiration for the legendary King Arthur. 9

Dispersal of the Britons To flee the Anglo-Saxons, the Britons fled to other parts of the island: Cornwall Wales Some join the Gaels in Ireland and formed a splinter group known as the Scots (This group later settled in what is now Scotland). In all areas, the people spoke the Celtic languages (Cornish, Welsh, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic). All but Cornish are still spoken today. 10

Anglo-Saxon Society Highly organized tribal units (kingdoms) Each tribe ruled by a king chosen by a council of elders (witan) Three basic classes under the king: -Thanes: the upper class, earls, or free warriors - Thralls: slaves who did the farming and domestic work - Freemen: small group who earned possessions and special favors 11

Anglo-Saxon Society (con’t) The Anglo-Saxons farmed, maintained local governments, and created fine crafts, especially metalwork. Eventually, the small kingdoms developed into seven large ones: Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, and Kent. This development produced a new language: Old English. Lived close to their animals (to protect animals and provide warmth) Lived in single-family homes surrounding a communal hall and protected by a wooden stockade fence 12

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Characteristics of the Anglo-Saxons Hard fighters and bold sea warriors Admired physical strength, bravery, loyalty, fairness, and honesty Great love of personal freedom Boastful, reckless, cruel, and bloodthirsty Enjoyed conflict, swimming matches, horse races, banqueting, drinking mead, singing songs, and storytelling Also flyting, a conflict of wits between two warriors where each praises his own deeds and belittles the other’s

Role of Women The wife of an earl or thane supervised weaving and dyeing of clothes, the slaughter of livestock, the making of bread, beekeeping, and the brewing of mead (fermented honey). Women inherited and held property. Married women retained control over their property. With the coming of Christianity, many women entered religious communities, and some became powerful abbesses.

The Scops The communal hall offered shelter and a place for council meetings. The communal hall was also a place for storytellers or bards (scops) who shared (orally) the stories of the Anglo-Saxons and their gods and heroes. The Anglo-Saxons valued storytelling as equal to fighting, hunting, and farming. A line of Anglo-Saxon or Old English poetry is characterized by four main stresses and is divided in half by a pause (caesura).

Anglo-Saxon Literature Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits. Most storytelling was oral. Old English Poetry became distinctive... Alliteration- repetition of consonant sounds Kenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - “whale-path” for the sea Caesura- a break or pause in poetry RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and were used until about the 11th century. Runic inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived. 18

Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).

Types of Anglo-Saxon Verse Heroic Poetry: recounts the achievements of warriors involved in great battles Elegiac Poetry: sorrowful laments that mourn the deaths of loved ones and the loss of the past Anglo-Saxon poets: Caedmon, Cynewulf 20

The Beowulf Legend Beowulf is an epic, a long, heroic poem, about a great pagan warrior renowned for his courage, strength, and dignity. Beowulf is the national epic of England, because it is was the first such work composed in the English language. The poem includes references to Christian ideas and Latin classics but also present are the values of a warrior society, dignity, bravery, and prowess in battle. 21

Anglo-Saxon Beliefs Pagan, polytheistic Very pessimistic view of life (due to the ever-present dangers of death by accident or warfare) Human life in the hands of fate (wyrd) Did not believe in an afterlife Immortality only earned through heroic actions Sharp contrast to the Christian belief in an individual’s free will 22

Anglo-Saxon Beliefs (con’t) The early Anglo-Saxons worshipped ancient Germanic or Norse gods: - Odin/Woden: chief of the gods, god of death, poetry, and magic - Fria: Woden’s wife and goddess of the home - Tiu: the god of war and the sky - Thunor/Thor: god of thunder and lightening - Frijz/Frigga: queen of the heavens The names of these gods survive today in our words Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday The dragon: personification of evil and death and the protector of treasure (the grave mound); also associated with the Vikings

The Coming of Christianity In 432, the whole of Celtic Ireland was converted by Patrick, a Romanized Briton. In 563, a group of Irish monks led by a soldier and abbot named Columba established a monastery on the island of Iona off the West coast of Scotland. Later, the Roman church began to send missionaries throughout Europe. In 597, Saint Augustine converted the King of England and establish a monastery at Canterbury. By 650, most of England was Christian in name, if not in fact. 24

Christianity and Literature The church brought education and written literature to England. Monks established churches, monasteries, and libraries. Monks recorded and duplicated illuminated manuscripts, at first only written in Latin. Oral literature was transcribed into written form. Monks preserved not only Latin and Greek classics but also popular literature (Beowulf). 25

The Venerable Bede (673-735) A monk Considered the “father of English history” Wrote A History of the English Church and People: the clearest account we have of Anglo-Saxon times

Anglo-Saxon Manuscript SUMMARY 27

The Danish Invasion Due to rising population and limited farmland, many Scandinavians (the Norse and the Danes) took to the seas—the Vikings. In 800, Danish raiders attacked Britain. The Norse settled in Northumbria, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The Danes targeted eastern and southern England. 28

Restored Viking Vessels 29

Viking Raids: “From the Fury of the Northmen, O Lord, Deliver Us” Sacked and plundered monasteries Stole sacred religious objects Burned entire communities Murdered villagers Halted the growth of learning By the middle of the ninth century, most of England had fallen. The Vikings called their territory Danelaw. 30

King Alfred the Great 31

Alfred the Great Only the Saxon kingdom of Wessex managed to fight the Danes to a standstill. In 871, Alfred ascended to the Wessex throne. Alfred resisted further Danish encroachment. A 886 truce formally divided England: the Danish ruled the east and north; the Saxons ruled the south. Alfred translated the Bede’s History and other works from Latin into English to make them more accessible, as well as instituted the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a history of England from the earliest days through 1154. 32

Danish Contributions Built their Danelaw communities as military fortresses and trading centers Generated growth of English towns Expanded English vocabulary as Norse words crept into the language - for example, law is Danish, and its use reflects the Danes’ interest in legal procedures Summary! 33

The Norman Conquest Toward the end of the tenth century, the Danes increased attempts to recapture and widen Danelaw and eventually forced the witan to select a series of Danish kings. In 1042, the throne returned to a descendant of Alfred, King Edward the Confessor, a Christian. Edward’s association with the Normans weakened Saxon power. Upon his death in 1066, Edward was succeeded by Harold. William of Normandy challenged Harold’s right to the throne and defeated Harold in the Battle of Hastings. William was crowned King on December 25, 1066. Summary!

What you need to know about the History of the English Language? Major dates 55 B.C. (Celts invade) 43 A.D. (Romans invade) 410 A.D. (Anglo-Saxons invade) 597 A.D. (Vikings raids) 1066 A.D. (Normans invade) Major cultural/linguistic influences… Celtic Roman Anglo-Saxon Viking Norman Major people… Julius Caesar St. Augustine King Ethelbert of Kent King Alfred “the great” William the Conqueror/William, Duke of Normandy

Chart of the English Language

A Brief Glimpse of the History of English from “Our Father” OLD ENGLISH 400- 1066 Beowulf Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum  si þin nama gehalgod tobecume þin rice gewurþe þin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum  urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dæg  and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum  and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice. Middle English 1066- 1485 Chaucer Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name;  þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as it is doun in heuene.  yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred.  And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us.  And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl. Early Modern English 1485- 1800 Shakes-peare Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name.  Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen.  Giue us this day our daily bread.  And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters.  And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen. Modern English 1800- present Austen .

Runic Writing… Write Your Name in Runes Runes were used by early Germanic tribes on documents in stone, wood and metal. They relied on these symbols not only for writing but also to tell fortunes, cast spells, and provide protection. The runic alphabet, or Futhark, gets its name from the first six sounds, much like our alphabet “A,B,C’s”. Can you write your name in Runes? Check out the website: