Otherwise: you’ll take the midterm without knowing some things We are behind, we have less than one month to get through a lot of stuff Otherwise: you’ll take the midterm without knowing some things

What I ask of you: Participation Perseverance Motivation Focus Finishing HW on time Ask questions

Today: Ionic Bonding/dot structures Th: Review Schedule for this week Today: Ionic Bonding/dot structures Th: Review Tue: Dot structures/naming Fri: Test Wed: Polar vs Non-polar/Characteristics

Let’s take a min to review the year To get the big picture

The Nucleus - Summary Everything is made of atoms Atoms have a nucleus Nucleus = protons + neutrons Neutrons = stabilize nucleus There are different ways of stabilizing nucleus = isotopes for EVERY element Isotope = same element, different # of neutrons Different problems in the nucleus = radioactivity

Outside The Nucleus - Summary Electrons are moving around the nucleus. Who discovered and how? Electrons live in distinct orbitals (clouds). Electrons can absorb and emit energy. Atoms can gain or lose electrons. Cations? Anions? Which leads us to….

Molecular Bonding Forces that hold atoms together

Main idea: It’s all about Stability

Electrons are exact same way Remember, atoms can gain or lose electrons to become stable (cation or anion)

Atoms have stable number of e- When Last shell is filled

Is Fluorine more likely to lose or gain electrons?

Is Sodium more likely to lose or gain?

What element is this?

Is oxygen more likely to lose or gain?

So, if it gains or accepts electrons to become stable It’s called an ANION

So, if it loses or gives away electrons to become stable It’s called a CATION

Between Non-metal and metal Ionic Bonding Between Non-metal and metal Because one is receiving e- and the other is giving e- When cation and anion bond together

Lithium Fluorine

Li-F Lithium fluoride

e- Dot structure Li-F

Dot Structures

Calcium and Chlorine Valence e-?

Magnesium and bromine Valence e-?

Naming Ionic Bonds Write full name of cation first 2. Write name of anion with -ide at the end

Polyatomic Ions KOH NH4NO3 Rb3PO3

CuSO3

Variable Charged Metals

CuSO3

Writing formulas from names 2. Determine charges using cross trick and knowing polyatomic ions Determine anion and cation 3. Write formula

potassium oxide

lead(II) nitrate

General Properties of SOLID Ionic Compounds Poor conductors of heat and electricity Brittle and hard Most are soluble in water High melting point

What it means to be brittle

What makes something a good conductor When ions or electrons are freely able to move

Definition of Solubility For now: ability of compound to dissolve in water Ions separate

So, when ionic compounds are dissolved Then they’re good conductors Ions can move freely

Between 2 or more non-metals Covalent Bonds Between 2 or more non-metals They SHARE electrons

General Properties of Covalent Compounds Do not conduct electricity as solid, liquid or when dissolved Molecules don’t separate into ions low melting point Intermolecular forces aren’t as strong as ionic bonds

On the test Writing formulas from names Writing names from formulas Describe Polar Covalent/Non-Polar Covalent/Ionic Anions vs. Cations - orbital notation Properties of ionic compounds - brittleness and conductivity Dot structures for ionic bonds

Formulas from names - page 3/5/7 Review Formulas from names - page 3/5/7

Names from formulas - page 5/6 Review Names from formulas - page 5/6

Polar vs non-polar vs ionic Summary Slides Polar vs non-polar vs ionic

Review Cations vs anions

Is Fluorine more likely to lose or gain electrons?

Is Sodium more likely to lose or gain?

What element is this?

General Properties of SOLID Ionic Compounds Poor conductors of heat and electricity Brittle and hard Most are soluble in water High melting point

What it means to be brittle

Dot Structures

Dot Diagram H2O

Polar Covalent Based on electronegativity Pretty much if they’re different elements Polar covalent bond

Polar Covalent water

Non-Polar Covalent Cl-Cl