OSHA 2019

RAPPORT : friendly, harmonious relationship, especially : a relationship characterized by agreement, mutual understanding, or empathy that makes communication possible or easy Merriam-Webster

Rapport is the foundation for all effective working relationships Through rapport, we make and sustain a two-way emotional connection with another person Rapport is co-constructed (on-going negotiation) Rapport is all about communication Rapport is a process, not a state

To build rapport… Get to know Pay attention Show interest Treat the other person (time, beliefs, opinions, resources, experiences) with RESPECT

Respect, as a transitive verb, is defined as “to consider worthy of high regard” * *Merriam-Webster

In building rapport, we need to effectively use.. Body- (mirror and match to get “in-sync”) Voice- (tone can create a sense of distance or closeness) Words- Our word choices are consciously or unconsciously driven by Politeness-Power negotiation

Politeness and Power Language is powerful tool in how we negotiate status relationships. Student to CF requires a slight, but extremely important, change in status relationship The supervisor, as the superordinate, will need to set these rules for the subordinate. These rules are subject to negotiation. We need rapport in both clinical training scenarios but the nature of the relationship is different and therefore, word choices will be different. What is different is the power relationship and the politeness-power rules that operate. The CF supervisor should be moving the CF toward a peer-to-peer (colleague-to-colleague) status relationship

In every supervisor-supervisee interaction, there is a need to balance positive face and negative face. Positive face is the individual’s desire to have his/her needs appreciated in a social interaction Negative face is the individual’s need for freedom of action and freedom from imposition.

Supporting positive face Finding common ground Sharing humor Sharing personal information (self-disclosure-use judiciously!) Create a working alliance (shared tasks, goals, bonds) Supporting negative face (helps in building self-efficacy) Using language that gives the CF more independence and autonomy* Encouraging inquiry Promoting self-assessment *our goal with the CF is to work toward autonomy. All actions and language should be chosen to promote independence

Word choice that supports negative face You need to get more responses during your treatment sessions. Do you think you would get faster progress if you got more responses in each session? How do you think you might make your treatment sessions more productive? How are you feeling about the effectiveness of your treatment sessions

You need to use a motor-based approach in treating this client’s articulation errors. Do you think a phonological approach or a motor-based approach would be more effective in treating this client’s speech sound errors? What are you thinking about the best approach to treating your client’s speech errors? How is your treatment going with your client?

In Sum… In all interactions with the CF, the supervisor’s primary goal should be to develop autonomy. This is accomplished by: Building rapport (an effective relationship must be established) Being aware of changing status roles (politeness-power negotiation) Considering “face”- help the CF feel that her needs are appreciated in all interactions while also allowing (and encouraging) independence

Brown, P and Levinson, S. (1987) Politeness: Some universals in language usage, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Cassidy, C. The relationship between perceived supervisory roles, working alliances and self efficacy in speech-language pathology practicum experiences. Perspectives on Administration and Supervision. Oct. 2013. Eelen, G. (2001). A Critique of politeness theories. Manchester : St. Jerome Knox, S., Edwards, L. M., Hess, S. A., & Hill, C. E. (2011). Supervisor self-disclosure: Supervisees' experiences and perspectives. Psychotherapy, 48(4), 336-341. Lakoff, Robin. (1973). “The logic of politeness; or minding your p's and q's”. 9th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 292-305. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. Lecher, M. (2004) Power and Politeness in Action : Disagreement in Oral Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Vilkki, L. (2004). Politeness, Face and Facework: Current Issues. Festschrift in Honour of Fred Karlsson, vol 2006, SKY journal of linguistics, special supplement no. 19.