Chapter 5: Patterns of Organization Bridging the Gap, 9/e Brenda Smith 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Textbook Organization: The Big Picture Patterns identify the main idea. Signal words can reveal a particular pattern. Anticipate the overall pattern of organization. Place the major supporting details into the outline pattern used by the author. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

What do Transitional Words Do? They can signal the levels of importance, a connection, or a direction of thought. They are sometimes called signal words. They show the relationship of ideas. See the Reader’s Tip on Patterns of Organization and Signal Words on page 247/ 237. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Signal Words for Transition Addition: in addition, furthermore, moreover, and, also, another Examples: for example, for instance, to illustrate, such as, including Time: first, finally, last, afterward, after, next, while Comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same manner, just as, like Contrast: however, but, nevertheless, whereas, on the contrary, conversely, in contrast Cause and effect: thus, consequently, therefore, as a result, so, because of, since, accordingly p. 236/226 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Simple Listing Items are randomly listed in a series of supporting facts or details. Supporting elements are of equal value. Changing the order of the items does not change the meaning of the paragraph. Use transitional words such as in addition, also, another, several, for example, a number of. p. 239/230 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Definition The concept is defined initially. Then it is expanded with examples and restatements. A defined term is usually signaled by italicized or boldfaced type. p. 240/231 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Description Description is similar to listing. The characteristics are similar to a definition. It is similar to a simple list of details. Pg. 240/231 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Time Order, Sequence, or Narration Items are listed: In the order in which they occurred (Ex: time order) In a specifically planned order in which they must develop(Ex: narrative writing, tells a story) 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Contrast With Contrast: Items are presented according to differences between them. Signal words include: different in contrast on the other hand but however bigger than 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison Items are presented according to similarities among them. Signal words include: similar in the same way parallels 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Comparison & Contrast This combines both comparisons and contrasts together into a single paragraph. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Cause and Effect An element is shown as producing another element. One is the cause or the “happening.” The other is the particular result or effect produced by the cause. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Classification This is used to simplify a complex topic. Information is divided into a certain number of groups or categories. The divisions are named. The parts are explained. Signals words include: two divisions, three groups, four elements, five classes, six levels, seven categories 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers Summary A summary comes at the end of an article or chapter It condenses the main idea into a short concluding statement. Signal words include: in conclusion briefly to sum up in short in a nutshell. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Location or Spatial Order This identifies the whereabouts of a place or object. Signal words are: north next to near below close by within around 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Generalization and Example A general statement or conclusion is supported with specific examples. Signal words include: to restate that that is for example to illustrate for instance 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

Mixed Organizational Patterns Often articles have an overall pattern with individual paragraphs having a different pattern. p. 247/242