Liquids & Vapor Pressure

Vapor Gas phase of substance that is normally liquid at room temperature Some evaporation occurs at all temperatures The easier a substance evaporates, the weaker the IMF

Fig a: open system Evaporation continues until all liquid is gone Fig b: closed system Rate of evaporation = rate of condensation System appears static due to equilibrium

How does evaporation occur?

molecules in liquid phase have range of KE; some have enough KE to “escape” from liquid phase

Vapor Pressure Pressure exerted by vapor over its liquid VP is affected by temperature: higher the T, higher the VP

all liquids: VP ↑as T ↑

Vapor Pressure VP does NOT depend on how much liquid is present VP depends ONLY on temperature

IMF in Liquids WEAK FORCES High VP High rate evaporation Low bp Small Hv STRONG FORCES Low VP Low rate evaporation High bp Large Hv

Phase Changes Melting Boiling Vaporization occurs throughout liquid; T constant) Evaporation (occurs only at surface; T ↓) Sublimation Freezing Deposition Condensation

Phase Changes are accompanied by energy changes Endothermic Process: Energy is absorbed Exothermic Process: Energy is released

melting, boiling (vaporization), sublimation Which phase changes absorb energy (endothermic)? Which phase changes release energy (exothermic)? melting, boiling (vaporization), sublimation freezing , condensation, deposition

Boiling Point Temperature at which: VP liquid = external atmospheric P Normal Boiling Point: temp at which VP liquid = 1 atm Substances with high bp’s have strong IMF’s

Melting Point = temp at which liquid & solid phases of substance coexist at equilibrium higher the mp, the stronger the IMF

Freezing Point They’re the same: for H2O = 0˚C, 273K Temp at which liquid is converted to crystalline solid How does fp compare to mp? They’re the same: for H2O = 0˚C, 273K

Strong or Weak attractive forces? High vapor pressure Large Hv High boiling point Low boiling point Low vapor pressure Small Hv Evaporates rapidly Evaporates slowly Weak Strong

> < Boiling and Pressure If increase external pressure (ex: camping in Death Valley), boiling point is ____ than 100oC If decrease external pressure (ex: eating Raman noodles at top of Mt. Whitney), the boiling point is ____ than 100oC > <

Boiling vs. Evaporation occurs at surface of liquid (or solid) occurs at all T liquid cools off as evaporates spontaneous all the time BOILING occurs throughout liquid occurs at definite T occurs at constant T only spontaneous when VP = external pressure