Geographic Information Systems GIS Output

1. Color Theory Additive primaries blue, green, and red Subtractive primaries yellow, cyan, and magenta

1. (1) Additive Primaries Superimposing blue, green, and red light blue  + green + red = white

Additive Primaries .. Yellow, cyan, and magenta are complements to blue, red, and green, respectively Various combinations of the three primaries produce different colors

1. (2) Subtractive Primaries Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye:       yellow  + magenta + cyan = black        yellow  + magenta = red        yellow  + cyan = green        magenta + cyan = blue

Subtractive Primaries .. Yellow, cyan, and magenta Cyan = white – red Magenta = white – green Yellow = white - blue

2. Cartographic Symbols Point symbols  Line symbols  Area symbols

2. (1) Point Symbols Points e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees Lines e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes Areas e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions

Strategies of Symbolization The use of point, line, and area symbols depends on - spatial scale of a project - purpose of a project - convention USGS Map Symbols http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/la/la_ppt05.ppt

Strategies of Symbolization .. M. Dolce

Strategies of Symbolization ..

Strategies of Symbolization ..

Strategies of Symbolization .. Identification and Awareness of Hazardous Waste Sites

3. Primary Graphic Elements Hue Value Size Shape Spacing Orientation Location http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/la/la_ppt05.ppt

Primary Graphic Elements .. Hue - Color Value - Lightness or darkness of a mark, tone Size - size of a mark Shape - shape of a mark Spacing - distance between component marks Orientation - directional arrangement of marks Location - location of map components, titles, legends, etc.

3. (7) Location Location of map components, titles, legends, etc. Data source Title Legend http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/courses/biol341/lectures/jan27.ppt27

Southeastern Geographer, 2009 Southeastern Geographer, 2009. Searching for a New Brand Reimagining a More Diverse Orlando.49(2): 185-199.

X -- Graphic Element is not suitable. Point Data Line Data Area Data Graphic Element Nominal Numerical Nominal Numerical Nominal Numerical Shape/Pattern X X X Color X X X Size X X X X X X Value X -- Graphic Element is not suitable. http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/courses/biol341/lectures/jan27.ppt27

4. Components of Map Design Clarity and legibility Visual contrast Visual balance Figure vs. ground Hierarchical organization

4. (1) Clarity and Legibility Size Length vs. width Contrasting color and shape of symbols Map components

4. (2) Visual Contrast Sufficient difference among symbols

4. (3) Visual Balance Relative position and visual importance of map components Optical Center The designer should arrange the map’s elements around the optical center, rather than the geometric center The two centers of an image space Geometric center Jim Besley & Kurt Snider, US Fish & Wildlife Service

4. (4) Figure vs. Ground Differentiation, closed, small or continuous forms, brightness, detail of features and ground Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

Figure vs. Ground .. Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

4. (5) Hierarchical Organization Extensional - network of lines of varying significance Subdivisional - internal relationship of a hierarchy

Hierarchy .. Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

Hierarchy .. Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

Readings Chapter 7