Treatment-induced immune cell changes.

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Treatment-induced immune cell changes. Treatment-induced immune cell changes. Initial (day 1) and posttreatment (day 9) lymphoma-infiltrating immune subsets were gated and visualized in t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) space using Cytobank software. A, Malignant cells, CD3+ cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD4+ T cells were evaluated pretreatment (day 1) and posttreatment (day 9). B, As a percentage of all cells, the percentage of intratumoral malignant cells decreased (P = 0.0052) and CD3+, CD8+, and CD4+ T cells increased posttreatment (P = 0.0079, P = 0.0036, and P = 0.0248, respectively, using atwo-tailed paired t test). C, CD4+ T-cell subsets’ percentages of T cells were analyzed pre- and posttreatment. TFH cells (CD4+ FOXP3− CXCR5+ PD-1hi ICOS+) and Tregs (CD4+ CD25+ CD127−) decreased (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0012, respectively) and effector cells (remaining CD4+ FOXP3− cells) increased (P = 0.0010) using a two-tailed paired t test. Each patient is tracked by a specific color, and patients achieving at least an overall partial response are connected by solid lines and those who did not by dashed lines. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001. Matthew J. Frank et al. Cancer Discov 2018;8:1258-1269 ©2018 by American Association for Cancer Research