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Introduction With growing developments in the field of mechatronics and mathematics, robotics has come a long way. From an iron piece that could move only a few inches, there are now machines capable of jumping from high-rise buildings, detecting landmines, performing operations and troubleshooting.

What is Robotics ? The word robotics is used to collectively define a field in engineering that covers the mimicking of various human characteristics. It find its use in all aspects of our life.

Three Laws of Robotics A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such order would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Why Robotics ? Speed It can work hazardous/dangerous environment. To perform a task again and again. Efficiency Accuracy Adaptability

Types of Robots Mobile Robots Rolling Robots Walking Robots Stationary Robots Autonomous Robots Manual Robots

How Brain Works ?

Microprocessor is the brain of Micro computer. It is a single chip which is capable of processing data. Memory It controls all components. I/O External It executes sequence of instructions. Microprocessor fetch, decode and execute the instructions.

RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM can hold data without power and RAM cannot. Essentially, ROM is meant for permanent storage, and RAM is for temporary storage.

The Humble Byte The byte is the basic building block of computer data. 4 bits make a ‘nibble’ 8 bits make a byte 16 bits makes a ‘word’ 32 bits makes a ‘duo-word’ 64 bits makes a ‘quad-word’

Binary System Each bit is binary – 0 or 1,(or on/off) A bit is a binary counter 0 – 0 1 – 1 Binary system 2 Bits Binary system 3 Bits 00 – 0 000 - 0 01 – 1 001 - 1 10 – 2 010 - 2 11 – 3 011 – 3

PIXEL A pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic that can be displayed and represented on a digital display device. A pixel is the basic logical unit in digital graphics. Pixels are combined to form a complete image, video, text or any visible thing on a computer display. A pixel is also known as a picture element.

Binary Image A binary image is a digital image that has only two possible values for each pixel. Typically, the two colours used for a binary image are black and white. The colour used for the object(s) in the image is the foreground colour while the rest of the image is the background colour.

Concept of Storage CAPACITOR:- A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field. Flip-Flop:- It is a memory element which is capable of storing 1bit of information and it is used in clocked sequential circuit.

Language Processors

Digital Encoder An Encoder converts an active input signal into a coded output signals. It has n input lines and m output lines. At a time only of the input line is active. Internal logic within the encoder converts this active input to a coded binary output with m bits

Digital Decoder A decoder decodes the code input signal into an active output signal.

Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

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