Seminal plasma characteristics as indicators of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in men with obstructive azoospermia  Sigrid von Eckardstein, M.D., Trevor G Cooper, Ph.D., Kai Rutscha, Dieter Meschede, M.D., Jürgen Horst, M.D., Eberhard Nieschlag  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 73, Issue 6, Pages 1226-1231 (June 2000) DOI: 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00516-1

Figure 1 Distribution of seminal plasma pH (A), volume (B), and fructose content (C) in 42 proven fathers, 325 men with azoospermia not tested for a CFTR mutation, 26 men with a mutation, and 33 men without a mutation. Values are presented as box-and-whisker plots where the line is the median, the box defines the first and second quartiles, and the whiskers the 10th and 90th percentiles. Outliers within three quartiles are plotted as circles, and extremes outside three quartiles as stars. The line indicates the lower reference limit according to WHO for pH (A), seminal plasma volume (B), and fructose (C). von Eckardstein. Seminal plasma characteristics. Fertil Steril 2000. Fertility and Sterility 2000 73, 1226-1231DOI: (10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00516-1)

Figure 2 Distribution of seminal plasma pH and fructose content in relation to the type of CFTR mutation detected in 24 men. In some men, fructose could not be determined because of severely reduced seminal plasma volume. Solid lines indicate the cutoff values determined by ROC analysis for detection of CFTR mutations. von Eckardstein. Seminal plasma characteristics. Fertil Steril 2000. Fertility and Sterility 2000 73, 1226-1231DOI: (10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00516-1)