Figure 2.1 Generalized measurement system.

Figure 2.2 Mercury-in-glass thermometer.

Figure 2.3 Distinction between systematic and random errors.

Figure 2.4 Accuracy as a percentage of full scale.

Figure 2.5 Effect of hysteresis on instrument reading.

Figure 2.6 Example of nonlinearity and zero offset.

Figure 2.7 Span error.

Figure E2.3(a) Spring scale.

Figure E2.3(b) Plot of scale readings.

Figure E2.3c Plot of deviation data for scale calibration.

Figure E2.3d Average deviation data for scale calibration.

Figure 2.8 Dynamic temperature measurement.

Figure 2.9 Application of a step change in measurand; (a) time variation of measurand; (b) typical types of system responses.

Figure 2.10 System frequency response.

Figure P2.23