STANDARDS: SS7H2 Analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (Middle East). a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East following WWI led to regional conflict. c. Describe how land and religion plays a role in continuing conflicts in the Middle East (i.e. the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the division between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and Kurdish nationalism).   © Brain Wrinkles

Conflicts in the Middle East CLOZE Notes 1 New Borders Partitioning Collapse Ottoman Empire Arab countries _________________________ about the division of the territory. Unfortunately, they drew borders without regard to which tribes, religious groups, and ethnic groups would be forced _________________________ . Great Britain and France desired immediate control of the area in order to _________________________ , so they quickly drew up new borders. The _________________________ by this land division have persisted in the Middle East today. Great Britain heavily _________________________ that were put in place in the territories it controlled, and for years, these countries remained under British supervision. The British were in charge of Egypt, _________________________ , Palestine, Jordan, and a chunk of Saudi Arabia. After partitioning, France took control of Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, _________________________ , and Tunisia. The League of Nations gave France and Great Britain _________________________ the Ottoman territory. Afterwards, the government collapsed and the land of the former Ottoman Empire was divided among the _________________________ . During World War I, the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers, who ended up _________________________ . Over time, the Ottoman sultans were not very capable of ruling and the empire _________________________ . Its lands stretched from what is now Turkey and parts of southeastern Europe, northern Africa, and _________________________ . At its height, the Ottoman Empire was six times the _________________________ . The Ottoman Turks were known for their ruthless _________________________ . © Brain Wrinkles Conflicts in the Middle East CLOZE Notes 1

Conflicts in the Middle East CLOZE Notes 2 Religion Kurds Land Disputes The hostility between _________________________ , and among different Islamic factions, forms the basis of the region’s modern history. Some of the conflicts started when Europeans took control of the region, while others _________________________ long before Europeans came. _________________________ also lie at the heart of the continuing conflict in the region. Today, Kurds are suffering greatly from _________________________ . Throughout the last decades of the 20th century, Iraq’s former dictator Saddam Hussein _________________________ his country’s Kurdish population. The Kurds were not given their own homeland, which has left the Kurdish people vulnerable to _________________________ . These countries are uneasy with the vibrant ethnic group and _________________________ them with an iron fist. The Kurds were divided between _________________________ , Iran, Syria, and Iraq. Despite their large population, Kurds did not get their _________________________ when Europeans partitioned the Middle East. Another problem created by the land division has impacted _________________________ , an ethnic group that have lived in the region for centuries. For example, from 1980 to 1988, Iran and Iraq _________________________ over disputed oil-rich territory Claims over land led to long periods of _________________________ in the region. This caused some ethnic and religious groups to be separated by boundaries, while other rival groups were _________________________ . As they divided the land, they drew borders that _________________________ to local cultures. © Brain Wrinkles Conflicts in the Middle East CLOZE Notes 2

Conflicts in the Middle East CLOZE Notes 3 Shia & Sunni Palestine & Israel Since then, they have worked hard to remove all influences of _________________________ . In 1979, fundamentalist Muslims _________________________ and imposed a strict interpretation of Islamic law on all of the country’s citizens. The more aggressive Iraqi Sunnis _________________________ with the Iranian Shiites. The two religious groups have fought for _________________________ for decades. As a result of European partitioning after WWI, Sunni and Shia Muslims, who were often rivals, were now _________________________ together in one country (Iraq). Many conflicts also occur within the _________________________ in Southwest Asia. The land in Israel is _________________________ Jews and Muslims, so the two groups are constantly fighting over it. There is constant conflict between Palestinians and Israelis living in the area called the _________________________ . Arab nations do not recognize Israel as a nation, and Jewish Israel lives in _________________________ from its neighbors. Palestine, with help from the neighboring Arab countries of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq, _________________________ with Israel that has lasted for decades. Palestinians refused to _________________________ as a nation and as soon as it was established, fighting broke out. In 1948, the United Nations _________________________ into the Jewish nation of Israel and the Arab Muslim state of Palestine. © Brain Wrinkles Conflicts in the Middle East CLOZE Notes 3

Continuing Conflicts in the MIDDLE EAST © Brain Wrinkles

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks were known for their ruthless pursuit of land. At its height, the Ottoman Empire was six times the size of Texas. Its lands stretched from what is now Turkey and parts of southeastern Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia. © Brain Wrinkles

© Brain Wrinkles

Collapse Over time, the Ottoman sultans were not very capable of ruling and the empire began to decline. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers, who ended up losing the war. Afterwards, the government collapsed and the land of the former Ottoman Empire was divided among the victorious European countries. The League of Nations gave France and Great Britain control of partitioning the Ottoman territory. © Brain Wrinkles

Partitioning After partitioning, France took control of Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. The British were in charge of Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, and a chunk of Saudi Arabia. Great Britain heavily influenced the governments that were put in place in the territories it controlled, and for years, these countries remained under British supervision. The problems created by this land division have persisted in the Middle East today. © Brain Wrinkles

New Borders Great Britain and France desired immediate control of the area in order to control oil profits, so they quickly drew up new borders. Unfortunately, they drew borders without regard to which tribes, religious groups, and ethnic groups would be forced under one government. Arab countries were not consulted about the division of the territory. © Brain Wrinkles

Land Disputes As they divided the land, they drew borders that paid no attention to local cultures. This caused some ethnic and religious groups to be separated by boundaries, while other rival groups were grouped together. Claims over land led to long periods of conflict and bloodshed in the region. For example, from 1980 to 1988, Iran and Iraq fought a war over disputed oil-rich territory. © Brain Wrinkles

Kurds Another problem created by the land division has impacted the Kurds, an ethnic group that have lived in the region for centuries. Despite their large population, Kurds did not get their own territory when Europeans partitioned the Middle East. The Kurds were divided between Turkey, Iran, Syria, and Iraq. These countries are uneasy with the vibrant ethnic group and attempt to rule them with an iron fist. © Brain Wrinkles

Distribution of Kurdish People in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria © Brain Wrinkles

Kurds The Kurds were not given their own homeland, which has left the Kurdish people vulnerable to extreme persecution. Throughout the last decades of the 20th century, Iraq’s former dictator Saddam Hussein attempted to eliminate his country’s Kurdish population. Today, Kurds are suffering greatly from civil war in Syria. © Brain Wrinkles

Kurdish Refugees from Syria © Brain Wrinkles

Religion Disputes over religion also lie at the heart of the continuing conflict in the region. Some of the conflicts started when Europeans took control of the region, while others date back long before Europeans came. The hostility between Arabs and Jews, and among different Islamic factions, forms the basis of the region’s modern history. © Brain Wrinkles

Palestine & Israel In 1948, the United Nations partitioned Palestine into the Jewish nation of Israel and the Arab Muslim state of Palestine. Palestinians refused to recognize Israel as a nation and as soon as it was established, fighting broke out. Palestine, with help from the neighboring Arab countries of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq, engaged in conflict with Israel that has lasted for decades. © Brain Wrinkles

Shia & Sunni Many conflicts also occur within the Muslim sects in Southwest Asia. As a result of European partitioning after WWI, Sunni and Shia Muslims, who were often rivals, were now forced to get along together in one country (Iraq). The two religious groups have fought for power in Iraq for decades. © Brain Wrinkles

© Brain Wrinkles

Cause? M12 European partitioning of the Middle East after WWI

Effect Ethnic & religious groups were put together (or separated) Sunni-Shia conflict – Iraq Kurds – forced to live in other countries (no Kurdistan) Israeli – Palestinian Arab conflict over Palestine

Continuing Conflicts: Arrest Warrant Directions: Now that you have identified the suspect responsible for the continuous conflict in Southwest Asia, it is time to seek an arrest warrant! You must present the case you have built against your suspec to Judge Holcomb. You must prove the suspect’s guilt. Be sure to include details about the conflicts caused by the suspect, actions, and their motives.   Key Terms: Ottoman Empire, WWI, Sykes-Picot, mandate, partition Conflicts: Kurds, Sunni-Shia, Israel-Palestine © Brain Wrinkles

Continuing Conflicts: Comic Book Directions: Create a comic book that explains how events after WWI led to regional conflicts in the Middle East. Use evidence/examples of conflicts you’ve learned about to explain why there is so much conflict in the region today. The comic book should be illustrated, colorful, and include dialogue and/or captions. Key Terms: Ottoman Empire, WWI, Sykes-Picot, mandate, partition Conflicts: Kurds, Sunni-Shia, Israel-Palestine © Brain Wrinkles

Grading 4   100 Exemplary *Skillfully incorporates the key terms into product *Thoroughly demonstrates understanding and mastery of the standard * Concepts are connected and explained using details 3 85 Proficient *Incorporates most of the key terms into the product *Demonstrates understanding of the standard 2 75 Emerging *Incorporates some of the key terms into the product *Demonstrates partial understanding of the standard 1 65 Incomplete *Does not incorporate key terms *Too many inaccuracies to demonstrate understanding of the standard Comments: Deductions: Creative! -10 Product is not colored Excellent product! -10 Product is messy Proofread your work. -10 Grammar, spelling, punctuation © Brain Wrinkles

Grading 4   100 Exemplary *Skillfully incorporates the key terms into product *Thoroughly demonstrates understanding and mastery of the standard * Concepts are connected and explained using details 3 85 Proficient *Incorporates most of the key terms into the product *Demonstrates understanding of the standard 2 75 Emerging *Incorporates some of the key terms into the product *Demonstrates partial understanding of the standard 1 65 Incomplete *Does not incorporate key terms *Too many inaccuracies to demonstrate understanding of the standard Comments: Deductions: Creative! -10 Product is not colored Excellent product! -10 Product is messy Proofread your work. -10 Grammar, spelling, punctuation © Brain Wrinkles

Grading 4   100 Exemplary *Skillfully incorporates the key terms into product *Thoroughly demonstrates understanding and mastery of the standard * Concepts are connected and explained using details 3 85 Proficient *Incorporates most of the key terms into the product *Demonstrates understanding of the standard 2 75 Emerging *Incorporates some of the key terms into the product *Demonstrates partial understanding of the standard 1 65 Incomplete *Does not incorporate key terms *Too many inaccuracies to demonstrate understanding of the standard Comments: Deductions: Creative! -10 Product is not colored Excellent product! -10 Product is messy Proofread your work. -10 Grammar, spelling, punctuation © Brain Wrinkles

Grading 4   100 Exemplary *Skillfully incorporates key concepts into written response *Thoroughly demonstrates understanding and mastery of the standard * Concepts are connected and explained using details 3 85 Proficient *Incorporates most key concepts into written response *Demonstrates understanding of the standard 2 75 Emerging *Incorporates some of the key concepts into written response *Demonstrates partial understanding of the standard 1 65 Incomplete *Does not incorporate key concepts or detail to demonstrate learning *Too many inaccuracies to demonstrate understanding of the standard Comments: Deductions: Proofread your work -10 Grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization © Brain Wrinkles