Fig. 3 TEM images of 80-nm-thin cuts of spongin carbonized at 1200°C.

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Fig. 3 TEM images of 80-nm-thin cuts of spongin carbonized at 1200°C. TEM images of 80-nm-thin cuts of spongin carbonized at 1200°C. (A) Overview image of carbonized spongin consisting mainly of collagen nanofibrils. Arrows indicate pearl necklace structures being parallel to each other. The red frame indicates the enlarged region taken for image (B). In the Fourier transform, diffraction maxima corresponding to the direct-space distances of 8.16 and 25.6 Å are recorded. (B) Enlarged image of the nanostructures. Pearl-like chains appear showing periodicities of 2.86 nm, which is typical for the triple helix periodicity of collagen along the fibril long axis. (C) The enlarged region reveals nanodot-like structures with nanopore inclusions. The Fourier transform shows a regular hexagonal pattern (top left inset) with a 4.5-nm periodicity. (D) Fourier-filtered image of (C). For filtering, the reflections of the Fourier transform corresponding to 0.44 nm−1 were selected corresponding to a spacing of 4.5 nm, as indicated in the inset. In the processed micrograph, hexagonal structures are observed with a pore-to-pore distance of 4.5 nm and pore diameters of about 3 nm (top left). Iaroslav Petrenko et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaax2805 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).