Exploring and Exploiting Pan-genomics for Crop Improvement Yongfu Tao, Xianrong Zhao, Emma Mace, Robert Henry, David Jordan  Molecular Plant  Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 156-169 (February 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.016 Copyright © 2019 The Author Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Major Types of Variations Causing Functional Gene Content Variation. Functional gene content variation can arise from a continuum of changes ranging from large-effect SNPs (e.g., SNPs causing premature stop codons, changes of key functional site of an encoded protein), to small indels (e.g., causing frameshifts and premature stop codons), through to large structural variants including PAVs and CNVs. Molecular Plant 2019 12, 156-169DOI: (10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.016) Copyright © 2019 The Author Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Multiple Copies of a 31.2-kb DNA Segment at the Rgh1 Locus Confers Resistance against Cyst Nematode in Soybean. Blue and green icons refer to soybean genes. Numbers refer to gene identity (e.g., Glyma18g02570). The dashed boxes represent the 31.2-kb DNA segment,which exists with only one copy in the susceptible reference genome Williams 82, but with three and 10 copies in the resistant lines Peking and Fayette, respectively. Figure modified from Cook et al. (2012). Molecular Plant 2019 12, 156-169DOI: (10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.016) Copyright © 2019 The Author Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Deletion of the LGS1 Gene Confers Resistance against Striga in Sorghum. Sequence comparison of the LGS1 region revealed a common deleted gene in resistant lines (SRN39, 555, and IS7777), Sobic.005G213600, conferring the low Striga germination stimulant activity. Physical location is based on sorghum reference genome v.3.1. Blue and green icons refer to sorghum genes in the region. Dashed boxes represent regions absent in resistant lines compared with the susceptible reference genome BTx623. Figure modified from Gobena et al. (2017). Molecular Plant 2019 12, 156-169DOI: (10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.016) Copyright © 2019 The Author Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Complementarity of Genes between Parental Lines Drives Heterosis. Heterosis refers to the superior performance of F1 hybrids compared with their parental lines. The dominance hypothesis is one of three main theories explaining heterosis. According to the dominance hypothesis, complementarity of genes between parental lines leads to heterosis. Molecular Plant 2019 12, 156-169DOI: (10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.016) Copyright © 2019 The Author Terms and Conditions