AIM:WHY DID TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS DEVELOP IN EUROPE AFTER WWI?

I. PROBLEMS IN EUROPE AFTER WWI. a. Weaknesses in U.S. & European economies led to GREAT DEPRESSION. b. Unemployment and inflation rose. c. People lost faith in democracy and capitalism. d. Fear of communism spread throughout Germany, Italy, and Spain. e. Strong leaders emerge, supporting extreme nationalism, militarism, and authoritarian rule.

II. NEW FORMS OF GOVERNMENT a. After WWI: Russia, Germany, Italy, & Japan established TOTALITARIAN RULE. b. FASCISM (form of totalitarianism) grew in Italy and Germany, and Japan. 1. FASCISM: Political ideology that advocates the glorification of the STATE. Single-party system One ruler Aggressive Nationalism State has absolute authority Opposed Communism- believed that having a property-owning class and a worker class would maintain a stable and healthy economy.

Much of the world was undergoing a severe economic depression, beginning in 1929. How might poverty and unemployment have contributed to the rise of totalitarian leaders in the 1930s?

III. RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY FACTORS: 1.WWI. 2.National debt 3.Unemployment 4.Poverty 5.Strikes 6.Riots 7. Demands for land reform.

B. BENITO MUSSOLINI 1. 1919- Promised to end all of Italy’s economic problems after WWI. 2. Creates Totalitarian Dictatorship in Italy (FASCISM); identifies himself as IL DUCE = “The Leader”.

C. ITALY UNDER MUSSOLINI (1922-1943) 4. BLACK SHIRTS: “combat squads” that used intimidation to gain support. 5. Killed and jailed enemies. 6. Placed goals of the state above individual rights. 7. Favored upper-classes and industrial leaders. 8. Used force and terror to gain control of Italy.

9. ITALIAN SUPPORT Solved unemployment problems, & preserved capitalism. Brought feelings of nationalism. Promised to bring back glory of ancient Rome.

III. RISE OF FASCISM IN GERMANY

A. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power 1. KAISER (ruler) steps down=Germany in chaos. 2. New democratic government, WEIMAR REPUBLIC, sets up parliamentary system led by a chancellor. 3. Govt. blamed for agreeing to harsh terms of Treaty of Versailles, inflation, and economic problems.

B. ADOLF HITLER a. 1921-Hitler joins Nazi Party. b. 1923- starts the Beer Hall Putsch (attempted overthrow the government). c. 1924- sentenced to 5 years in prison. d. 1925-In prison Hitler writes Mein Kampf (My Struggle)-became the key to Hitler’s success.

C. NAZIS GAIN POWER 1. Hitler becomes Nazi leader, promising to resolve Germany’s problems. 2. 1933: Appointed chancellor (Fuhrer), becomes dictator. 3. Establishes Third Reich (third great German empire).

IV. THE THIRD REICH: 1933-1945 a. GOVERNMENT Nazi Party controlled everything. Gestapo (secret police) oppressed, tortured, and killed anti-Nazis. S.S. Guard = Nazi elite; most trusted guards. b. PROPAGANDA-Used movies, radio, press, etc. to flood Germany with the Nazi cause.

1. NAZI YOUTH(6-18), would be taught Nazi curriculum & goals. c. EDUCATION 1. NAZI YOUTH(6-18), would be taught Nazi curriculum & goals. 2.Books, movies, etc. that were anti-Nazi were burned and banned.

d. ECONOMY Nazis set wages, hours, & working conditions. Eliminated unemployment. Public works projects: autobahn, bridges, canals, public buildings, etc. Increased war production-developed armaments. Gave military training to youth in schools & youth organizations. Actions violated the Treaty of Versailles.

IV. PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS a. Ousted from jobs, businesses, and homes. b. 1935 = NUREMBURG LAWS PASSED: anyone with at least 1 Jewish grandparent was Jewish & couldn‘t be a German citizen, placed limits on leaving Germany. Jewish people were required to wear identification badges =STARS OF DAVID.

c. November 1938- Kristallnacht - Night of Broken Glass: Organized attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

Document 1: Discriminatory Decrees Against the Jews Source: Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression, Volume I, Chapter XII, Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1946, pp. 980-982. DISCRIMINATORY DECREES AGAINST JEWS When the Nazi Party gained control of the German State, the conspirators used the means of official decrees as a weapon against the Jews. In this way the force of the state was applied against them. Jewish immigrants were denaturalized. Native Jews were precluded from citizenship. Jews were forbidden to live in marriage or to have extramarital relations with persons of German blood. Jews were denied the right to vote. Jews were denied the right to hold public office or civil service positions. Jews were relegated to an inferior status by the denial of common privileges and freedoms. Thus, they were denied access to certain city areas, sidewalks, transportation, places of amusement, restaurants. Progressively, more and more stringent measures were applied, even to the denial of private pursuits. They were excluded from the practice of dentistry. The practice of law was denied to them. The practice of medicine was forbidden them. They were denied employment by press and radio. They were excluded from stock exchanges and stock brokerage . They were excluded from farming. 1.How did life change politically for the Jews? (2 examples) 2. How did life change economically for the Jews? (2 examples) 3. How did life change socially for the Jews? (2 examples

CONCLUDING COLLABRATIVE JOURNAL ENTRY DESCRIBE THE FACTORS THAT PROVIDED FOR THE RISE OF HITLER’S POWER. WAS THE RISE OF ADOLF HITLER INEVITABLE? IF HITLER NEVER ROSE TO POWER HOW WOULD HISTORY BE DIFFERENT?

CONCLUDING JOURNAL ENTRY    CONCLUDING JOURNAL ENTRY If Totalitarian Fascist Regimes never developed in the world after WWI, would future international conflicts such as WWII emerge? Thoroughly Explain Your Response.