Especially in the Rebuttals Art of Argumentation Especially in the Rebuttals

Warrants Warrants win debates!

Warrants… Link the claim and the data in an argument Answer the question, “What’s causing the author to say this?” or “Why does that data make your claim true?” Are often assumptions or beliefs about something

Implied Warrant: increasing CO2 causes increase temperatures. Can be implied or explicit Implied are not stated in the evidence Ex.: Claim & Data in the card: CO2 levels have increase so has global temperatures Implied Warrant: increasing CO2 causes increase temperatures.

If there is no warrant stated in the evidence, attack it! In debate we can’t just make assumptions about claims. We have to ask why! Ex. Economic engagement Decreases violence. Decreasing foreign oil Decreases terrorism

Causation vs. Correlation Causation- the action of causing something. Correlation- the relationship between things that happen or change together A phrase used in science and statistics to emphasize that a correlation between two variables does not necessarily imply that one causes the other.

China uses its space program to bolster its overall economy In addition to military utility, China has also embraced its space program as a driver of economic and technological advancement. China’s 2006 space white paper states: “Since the space industry is an important part of the national overall development strategy, China will maintain long term, steady development in this field.” 91 China sees much potential in developing the space market. Revenue from the global space industry increased 7 percent to $304.31 billion in 2012. This is a 63 percent increase from $186.64 billion in 2005. Of this amount, 26 percent, or $78.44 billion, is made up of government space budgets, which increased just 1 percent in 2012. The largest portion of the space economy is commercial satellite services, which accounts for 38 percent of global space activity or $115.97 billion. This includes telecommunications, earth observation, and positioning services. China has identified four areas in which its space program brings economic benefits: 1) Creating a market for high technology; 2) The development of “spin-off” civilian technologies; 3) The use of satellite application technologies; and 4) The export of satellites and commercial launch services.

Space power helps the Chinese economy—satellite applications A second area where space can help improve the economy is in the satellite application market. Satellite application technologies refer to ancillary products designed to add value to the information provided by space technologies, such as satellite communications, remote sensing data, and satellite navigation products. Satellite communication applications include such services as satellite television and telephony. Remote sensing includes imagery of the earth in order to monitor agricultural use, environmental protection, or municipal planning. Satellite navigation products include satellite navigation receivers such as GPS receivers.

Be looking for correct correlation Need to know WHY and HOW it does. When states passed gun control measures crime went down. Why? Was it a direct cause from the action or were outside factors influencing?

Methodology- How was the study conducted? Sample Size Is it peer reviewed Peer Reviewed- involves subjecting the author's scholarly work and research to the scrutiny of other experts in the same field to check its validity and evaluate its suitability for publication. A peer review helps the publisher decide whether a work should be accepted.

Three types of Arguments- Defensive Offensive Weighing

Defensive Arguments Ex- high insurance costs due to Obamacare argument which has no implication other than mitigating an argument made by the opposing team Mitigate- to make less severe- to lessen Alternate causality- Is something else causing the action. Ex- high insurance costs due to Obamacare More older people in system More sick people Companies are greedy (Record profits)

How to go on the Defensive Attack the Evidence Go for the important evidence so their arguments collapse Check for evidence that conflicts with your own, or evidence that contradicts their arguments.  UBC will increase gun smuggling. UBC lower criminal activities. If there is conflicting evidence, show why yours is better/more credible. They may be drawing a conclusion from insufficient evidence. EX. Bill Gates dropped out of college and became rich, people shouldn't go to college.

Look for Contradictions!

Methodology of the study – HOW a study was done. Author credentials- but explain what that means. CATO vs. Heritage Foundation CATO= Heritage= Methodology of the study – HOW a study was done. Correlation vs. Causation?

Offensive Arguments arguments that make a definite value judgment about an advocacy. For example, "Ice cream is bad for your health" is an offensive argument, while "Ice cream doesn't make you healthier" is a defensive argument. Crime rates increase with dropout increases

Offensive Arguments Turns- Impacts w/weight- It actually helps you! Ex- GW is good! Longer growing seasons Impacts w/weight-

IMPACTS! Why your outcome matters more

Types of Impact Calc- DO THIS AFTER FIRST SPEECH Timeframe- yours happens first Magnitude- Your is BIGGER- you save more lives, $, military might Probability- Yours is more likely to happen

Other Common and AMAZING Responses No Threshold- offers a timeline and forces opponent to tell judge at what point does impact occur Not Real World- use when impact does not seem consistent with link Ex. At what point do we have too little Nylon 12

Alternate Causality- use any time you feel you can prove w/ or w/o eviden. That something else could cause the impact There goes Uniqueness

Empirically Denied- GREAT response when example exists of similar action to the Aff plan has occurred in the past and failed to produce impacts