Energy and the Atmosphere

The Atmosphere: - is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. - The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect.

Higher altitudes have LOWER air pressure Pressure Changes - Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the air above. How do changes in air pressure at low altitudes compare with air pressure changes at high altitudes? Higher altitudes have LOWER air pressure

Temperature Changes - Temperature varies within each layer of the atmosphere. This information can be found on ESRT pg 14

Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere: 0 to 14 km Contains 90% of all gases Contains all clouds and weather Temperature decreases as you rise higher because earth’s surface reradiates heat from the sun

ozone depletion – when the ozone layer thins due to human activity Stratosphere: 14 to 50 km Contains Ozone Layer  screens out dangerous ultraviolet sunlight. ozone depletion – when the ozone layer thins due to human activity Contains Jet Stream; which are high speed winds that influence our daily weather. Temperature increases as you rise higher because the ozone absorbs radiation from the sun.

Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km Meteoroids burn up due to friction with air molecules (“shooting stars”) Temperature decreases as you rise higher because there are too few particles to trap heat.

Thermosphere: above 80 - 600 km Contains “Aurora’s” or The Northern & Southern Lights Temperature increases as you rise higher because its so close to the sun Contains the Ionosphere which influences radio communication.

Aurora Northern Lights

Exosphere - Greater than 600 km - It is where the atmosphere meets outer space

Phase Changes

liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the phases changes? FreezingREEZING liquid solid gas liquid

liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the changes of phase? FREEZING MELTING Melting gas liquid

liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the changes of phase? FREEZING MELTING CONDENSATION gas liquid

liquid solid gas liquid 1. What are the changes of phase? FREEZING MELTING CONDENSATION gas liquid VAPORIZATION

Properties of Water (Earth Science Reference Tables : front page) Energy gained during melting -------------334 joules/gram Energy released during freezing ---------- 334 joules/gram Energy gained during vaporization------ 2260 joules/gram Energy released during condensation--- 2260 joules/gram Density at 3.98 ° C--------------------------1.00 gram/milliliter

FRFreezingEEZING CONDENSATION DURING: LIQUID SOLID LIQUID GAS 2. ENERGY IS RELEASED (lost) DURING: FRFreezingEEZING Heat Released 334 J/g 2260 J/g LIQUID SOLID CONDENSATION LIQUID GAS from higher K.E. to lower K.E.

MELTING VAPORIZATION DURING: SOLID LIQUID LIQUID GAS 3. ENERGY IS ABSORBED (gained) DURING: Heat Absorbed 334 J/g 2260 J/g MELTING SOLID LIQUID VAPORIZATION LIQUID GAS from lower K.E To higher K.E.

Heating Curve of Water

temp 0C HEAT ENERGY ADDED VAPORIZATION 100 CONDENSATION WATER ICE Heating Curve of Water VAPORIZATION CONDENSATION 100 STEAM temp 0C WATER MELT FREEZE ICE HEAT ENERGY ADDED (CALORIES)

MELTING / FREEZING 00 C 00 C SEE EARTH SCIENCE REFERENCE TABLE: + 334 J/g Energy is absorbed 00 C Energy is released 00 C

VAPORIZATION/ CONDENSATION 2260 J/g 1000 C 1000 C Energy is absorbed Energy is released 1000 C

How Are Clouds Formed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaDkph9yQBs

How are Heat and Temperature Related? What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Heat moves from High to Low concentration or from Source to Sink the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature. Heat moves from High to Low concentration or from Source to Sink Source Sink

is a measure of the average kinetic energy in a substance (particle movement)

Three methods of heat transfer: The transfer of heat through. . . Conduction: the movement of energy through a substance on contact. Atoms or molecules collide with others to make them move Heat moves through the handle of a hot pot to burn your hand -

The transfer of heat through. . . Convection: - circulation caused by density differences in fluids (gases and liquids). Where does this occur?

The transfer of heat through. . . Radiation: - through space by electromagnetic waves - Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, radiant energy can travel through the vacuum of space.

Ozone Layer Greenhouse Effect

Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? ESRT pg 14 Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? What color has the shortest wavelength? What is the basic difference between ultraviolet, visible light, and radio waves?

Energy Transfer as Heat Makes no sense without caption in book

What is the main source of ENERGY for the Earth and its ATMOSPHERE?

Atmospheric Heating and Energy All energy comes from the sun About 50% absorbed by land and sea-the rest radiated back to space Sun heats the ground and water which heats the air Warm air rises, expands, and cools Clouds!!

Surface heating and radiation

Insolation: (INcoming SOLar radiATION) the Sun’s electromagnetic energy that reaches Earth. A. Angle of Insolation: (angle of incidence) the measure of the angle of the Sun’s rays striking Earth. *the greater the angle the more intense the insolation.

Area A Area B

B. Factors Affecting Energy Absorption Color: dark colors absorb and radiate heat better than light colors (albedo- reflective). 2. Texture: rough surfaces absorb energy better than smooth. 3. Material: land absorbs heat faster than water does due to its low specific heat

Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to raise the temp Specific Heat: the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of a substance 1oC. (Ref. Table pg. 1) Materials with a high specific heat take long to heat up and long to cool down. (Ex. liquid water)

Lag Temperature: when the warmer temperatures occur after the Sun is the highest in the sky. * Hottest days are in Aug. when the Sun is highest on June 21.

Life and the Atmosphere The Earth’s original atmosphere was made up of gases similar to those released in volcanic eruptions – water vapor, carbon dioxide & nitrogen. Later, primitive organisms evolved that used photosynthesis and released oxygen.

Composition of Atmosphere Nitrogen and Oxygen gases make up 99%. Gases in the atmosphere today: Page 1 ESRT

What features allow Earth to support life? Abundant usable water. Suitable atmosphere. Suitable range of temperatures. We are known as the Goldilocks planet. Not to hot ~ Not to cold.

What determines the temperature of a planet? Distance from the sun. Presence and composition of the atmosphere.

Other Parts of the Atmosphere: Dust Particles: sea salt -soil ash from volcanic eruptions - pollution Water Vapor: source of all clouds and precipitation - absorbs heat (from earth & sun)

Ozone: - form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).

What do you think could happen if there was no ozone? - If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet would be uninhabitable for many living organisms.

Human Influence on the Atmosphere: - Emissions from cars and factories account for nearly half the primary pollutants by weight.

What changes can “we” make to help our atmosphere? Use buses and trains instead of cars Walking or cycling Car pool Use less electricity

Why less electricity? Example: LIPA Tour of an electrical power plant: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms

Example of daily energy usage