Conservation of Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene David P. Edwards, Jacob B. Socolar, Simon C. Mills, Zuzana Burivalova, Lian Pin Koh, David S. Wilcove  Current Biology  Volume 29, Issue 19, Pages R1008-R1020 (October 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.026 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Tropical forests of the Anthropocene will be smaller, simpler, steeper, and emptier. These damaged forests result from a suite of adverse anthropogenic drivers (red), following land abandonment (green), and via a range of biotic and abiotic factors (blue). Photo credits: Amazonian Indian boys with peccaries (Emptier), Luke Parry; others David Edwards. Current Biology 2019 29, R1008-R1020DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.026) Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Forest cover, climate connectivity and defaunation in the tropics. (A) Tropical forests in 2012 (displayed for regions with >30% tree cover; [6], v1.0). (B) Climate connectivity of forests in 2012. Climate connectivity is obtained from [9] and is defined as the temperature of the coolest connected forested area that can be reached by travelling through contiguous forest. Values ≥6°C and ≤−6°C (<0.1%) are set to be 6°C and −6°C, respectively. A negative value (red) indicates that the coolest connected forest is warmer under projected climate change than the current location, and therefore any species living there would fail to maintain their climatic envelope under projected warming. Substantial areas of lowland forest in west-central Amazonia, eastern Congo, northern Borneo, and Papua New Guinea retain sufficient climate connectivity, but elsewhere this has largely been lost. (C) Defaunation index for medium- and large-bodied mammals in tropical forests. The defaunation index is obtained from [68] and corresponds to defaunation risk for medium- and large-bodied mammals (all mammals >1 kg; calculated by averaging medium- and large-bodied mammal indices). The index scales between 0 for intact mammal assemblages and 1 for fully defaunated mammal assemblages. Patterns reveal that much of Amazonia, southern Congo, the Bornean highlands, eastern Wallacean islands, and Papua New Guinea have low defaunation, but that there are very high levels of hunting elsewhere. Current Biology 2019 29, R1008-R1020DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.026) Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Across the tropics, deforestation disproportionately occurs in flatter areas and at lower elevations. (A) Average slope of forested cells in year 2000 against the average slope of cells that have lost forest 2000–2018. (B) Average elevation of forested cells in year 2000 against the average elevation of cells that have lost forest 2000–2018. Forest cover obtained from [6], v1.6, and forest classified as tree cover ≥30%; elevation obtained from Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010, 7.5 arc-second resolution, with slope statistics calculated in Google Earth Engine [140]. Averages calculated for half-degree grid squares across tropics (approx. 55 km x 55 km at equator). Current Biology 2019 29, R1008-R1020DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.026) Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Private reserves in Colombia. Legally designated private reserves have rapidly expanded in Colombia to encompass over 120,000 hectares across more than 700 properties as of February 2019. Inset map: The locations of the private reserves, with circle diameters proportional to the logarithm of the reserve area (range 0.16–9,888 hectares). Background colors indicate WWF terrestrial ecoregions. Most private reserves are in the tropical Andes, with a notable concentration of large reserves in the savanna–forest mosaics of the Llanos and northeastern dry forests. Current Biology 2019 29, R1008-R1020DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.026) Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions