Depiction of shear stress development from the breaking of liquid bridges (A) and liquid plugs (B) formed from pulmonary edema fluid in peripheral airways.

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Depiction of shear stress development from the breaking of liquid bridges (A) and liquid plugs (B) formed from pulmonary edema fluid in peripheral airways. Depiction of shear stress development from the breaking of liquid bridges (A) and liquid plugs (B) formed from pulmonary edema fluid in peripheral airways. The stars represent surface tension forces developed within the foam and plug that are transmitted to the surface of airway epithelium. During inspiration, as the foam menisci are broken and plugs are displaced distally, shear forces develop between the displaced liquid and the relatively stable epithelial cell membranes. Rolf D Hubmayr, and Richard H Kallet Respir Care 2018;63:219-226 (c) 2012 by Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.