Schematic representation of common waveforms of nystagmus and saccadic intrusions. Schematic representation of common waveforms of nystagmus and saccadic.

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Schematic representation of common waveforms of nystagmus and saccadic intrusions. Schematic representation of common waveforms of nystagmus and saccadic intrusions. (A) Constant velocity drift of the eyes, with corrective quick phases, typical of peripheral or central vestibular disease. (B) Drift of the eyes back from an eccentric orbital position toward the midline (gaze evoked nystagmus). The drift shows a negative exponential time course, with decreasing velocity. This waveform reflects an unsustained eye position signal caused by an impaired gaze holding mechanism. (C) Drift of the eyes away from the central position with a positive exponential time course (increasing velocity). This waveform is encountered in the horizontal plane in congenital nystagmus. (D) Pendular nystagmus, which is encountered as a type of congenital nystagmus and with acquired disease. (E) Square wave jerks—small saccades away from and back to the position of the target, with an intersaccadic interval of about 200 ms. (F) Macrosaccadic oscillations—hypermetric saccades about the position of the fixation, with an intersaccadic interval of about 200 ms. (G) A burst of saccades without an intersaccadic interval (ocular flutter), typically at a frequency of 10–15 cycles per second. Adapted from Leigh and Zee (1999).2 A Serra, and R J Leigh J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:615-618 ©2002 by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd