Fig. 4 The abundance of Bifidobacterium in breast-fed infant guts is associated with FL transporter genes. The abundance of Bifidobacterium in breast-fed.

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Fig. 4 The abundance of Bifidobacterium in breast-fed infant guts is associated with FL transporter genes. The abundance of Bifidobacterium in breast-fed infant guts is associated with FL transporter genes. The results presented here were obtained by analyzing Japanese subjects recruited in this study (A to D) and by data mining of a deposited metagenome dataset (MG-RAST, accession no. qiime:621) (3) (E to G). (A) Relative abundance (%) of genus Bifidobacterium and two FL-BP homologs in stool DNA of breast-fed infants (n = 36) and adults (n = 31). The copy number of the genes attributable to Bifidobacterium 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), FL1-BP, and FL2-BP, which was determined by qPCR analysis, was divided by the copies of the 16S rRNA gene attributable to total bacteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used for evaluating the statistical significance. The data are shown by box plot, in which the middle bar indicates the median, while the top and bottom of the box indicate the third and first quartiles, respectively. Whiskers represent the lowest and highest values within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the first and third quartiles, respectively. (B) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis between the relative abundances of genus Bifidobacterium and either (left and middle panels) or both (right panel) of FL-BP genes in the breast-fed infant (orange circles) and adult (purple squares) groups. The data obtained in (A) were used for the analysis. (C) The concentrations of 2′-FL, 3-FL, LDFT, and LNFP I (substrates for FL transporter-1 and -2) in breast milk and infant stools (32 mother-infant pairs) were compared between FL-BP gene–detected (positive, n = 25) and undetected (negative, n = 7) groups. Mann-Whitney U test was used for evaluating the statistical significance. (D) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis between the relative abundance of the FL1-BP or FL2-BP gene and the fecal concentration of each substrate HMO. The data obtained in (C) were used for the analysis, and the results are shown as a heat map. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. Sugars are depicted as in Fig. 1. (E and F) The deposited metagenome data of 83 individuals from the United States (n = 50), Malawi (n = 18), and Venezuela (n = 15) were used for the analysis (132,556 ± 76,952 reads per sample) (3). The abundances (%) of genus Bifidobacterium and two FL-BP homologs in the fecal samples obtained from breast-fed (n = 34) and formula-fed (n = 27) infants (≤1 year old) and adults (n = 22, ≥18 years old) are shown in (E), and those in the fecal samples of breast-fed infants living in the United States (n = 10), Malawi (n = 14), and Venezuela (n = 10) are shown in (F). See Materials and Methods for read count and abundance calculation for FL-BP genes. Different letters (a, b, and c) indicate statistically significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction). (G) Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis between the relative abundances of genus Bifidobacterium and either or both of two FL-BP genes in the breast-fed infant group. The data obtained in (F) were used for the analysis, and the results are shown as a heat map. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Mikiyasu Sakanaka et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaaw7696 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).