Motor Fluctuations in PD
Motor Fluctuations of PD Symptoms Levodopa
Prevalence of Treatment Complications
Case 1: 57-Year-Old Man History
Case 1: 57-Year-Old Man History (cont)
Classification of Levodopa-Related Motor Fluctuations in PD
Risk Factors for Motor Fluctuation
Levodopa: Mechanisms That Contribute to Motor Fluctuation
Levodopa: Mechanisms That Contribute to Motor Fluctuation (cont)
Strategies for Patients Experiencing OFF Periods
Options for Case Patient 1 FDA-Approved Adjunctive Therapies
Surgical Options
Effective Patient Management
Case 1: Concluding Remarks
Case 2: 77-Year-Old Man
Case 2: 77-Year-Old Man (cont)
Components of a Thorough Assessment
Progression of PD Introduction of LID
Classifications of LID Time of Symptom Onset
When to Switch Therapy?
Patient and Caregiver Considerations
Pathogenesis of LID Pre- and Post-Synaptic Mechanisms
Case 2: Revisited
Case 2: Revisited (cont)
Orthostatic Hypotension
Concluding Remarks
Abbreviations