InGRID March 28th, 2019 Panteion University Olympia Kaminioti, Ph.D. National Institute of Labour and Human Resources Athens, Greece

Outline of the presentation More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Outline of the presentation Why focus on job satisfaction? Previous research Data Analysis Preliminary results Conclusions Implications for research Implications for policy

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Why focus on job satisfaction? Why judge working conditions with individual (subjective) measures and not with objective measures (% of part-time, etc.)? Individual measures do matter. They correlate with observable phenomena including labour market behaviour. One of the determinants of life satisfaction is job satisfaction. Job satisfaction relates to: individual well-being and business outcomes (productivity, profitability, etc.). Job satisfaction informs us about important aspects of the quality of work. It provides a way to identify inequalities.

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Previous research Demographics: age (U shaped), gender (conflicting), family status (married – positive r), education-skills (complicated), working conditions: wages’ level and prospect of change, stability, supervisory duties, fixed term - high job satisfaction, hours, stress at work, monotony, physical effort – low job satisfaction, psychological: motivation, self-esteem, personality characteristics– correlated with job satisfaction.

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Data European Skills & Jobs Survey (ESJS), CEDEFOP 1st wave, 2014 The Greek sample consists of: 2037 adult (24-65 years old) employees

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary analysis Comparison of means Chi-square analysis Profile of very satisfied and very unsatisfied employees OLS

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-1  Demographics Job satisfaction Significance Gender -   Age **  24-39  6.70 40-54  7.00 55-64  7.60 Education Family status -  Nationality  ** GR  6.83 Other 7.25

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-2   Job satisfaction  Significance Part-time 6.70 * Full-time 6.93 Non permanent contract 6.65 ** Permanent contract 6.98 Working hours - Type of organization NGO 6.62 Private 6.81 Public 7.07 Size of organization Occupation Elementary occupations 6.29 Managers 7.53 Salary Absolute Relative (quartiles)

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-3 Job characteristics 1  Job satisfaction Significance Possibility of loosing job   Very likely – very unlikely 6.26-7.59 ** Tenure 1-2 years 6.60 3-9 years 6.86 10-20 years 7.10 21+ years 7.22 Promotion No 6.74 Yes 7.48

Job satisfaction Significance More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-4  Job characteristics 2  Job satisfaction Significance Choice in performing job Never - always 6.48-7.40 **   Team work 6.55-7.13 Routine tasks -

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-5 Skills Job satisfaction  Significance Outdated skills   Very likely – very unlikely 6.26-7.04 ** Learning at work Never - always 6.13 - 7.37 Matching skills for job 4 categories 5.37-7.01 Change of skills Worse 5.36 Same 6.08 Better 7.02

Differences between very unsatisfied and very satisfied employees More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-6 Differences between very unsatisfied and very satisfied employees Perhaps the most striking difference is the lack of difference in certain variables Striking difference with respect to security, quality of work, skill development and mismatch

More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Preliminary results-7 OLS results R2 adj=10% Significant coefficients: promotion, routine, learning, choice, team, security, skill mismatch Not significant coefficients: age, gender, marital status, nationality, education, fulltime/part-time, permanent/non permanent contract, public/private/ngo, tenure, salary

Conclusions Overall high job satisfaction levels More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Conclusions Overall high job satisfaction levels Lower compared to some other countries Happy to have a job during the crisis? For the study of inequality relative numbers matter More importantly, determinants of job satisfaction are of interest Individual measures are important but caution is necessary in the interpretation of results.

Implications for research More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Implications for research Sector specific analyses are required. The timing of the survey is important (crisis). Self-employed, other categories need not be excluded. Linear specification may not be the most appropriate. Direct and indirect effects Bi-directional effects Education may have direct and indirect effects. Education increases options for finding a better job and choices on how to do a certain job; over-education matters; skill mismatch matters.

Implications for policy More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Implications for policy Job satisfaction may highlight some aspects of inequalities in the labour market, but some people may have lower expectations…. Job satisfaction has to do with expectations and experiences: What you obtain – what you expect Complex concept Job satisfaction may highlight some aspects of inequalities both in terms of expectations and experiences.

Thank you olympiakaminioti@gmail.com More and less satisfied workers: which are the differentiating factors? Thank you olympiakaminioti@gmail.com