MID-TERM REVIEW SAMPLES

Epithelial Tissue Simple vs. Stratified Squamous – flattened nuclei, looks like ceramic tile Cuboidal – large spherical, central nuclei, look like cubes Columnar – long, elongated, rectangular with stretched nuclei Transitional – only stratified/shape of the surface cells look different to the bottom cells. Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar. Pseudostratified – look for the cilia at the top*

Transitional

Cuboidal Stratified

Cuboidal

Squamous Simple

Connective Tissue Mesenchyme Connective Tissue Fluid Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper Supportive Connective Tissue Loose Dense Lymph Bone Blood Areolar Reticular Adipose Cartilage Irregular Regular

Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Reticular Adipose

Areolar Tissue Distributed throughout the body Forms a layer that separates the skin from deeper structures Contains elastic fibers which makes it resilient Also contains collagen fibers Provides support but permits independent movement Cushions organs Permits muscles to move freely without pulling on the skin

Adipose Tissue Provides padding, shock absorption & insulation Energy storage (lots of mitochondria) Also serves as packing or filler around structures Abundant under the skin and in the buttocks, breasts, and abdomen Key feature*: displacement of the nucleus and cytoplasm due to the storage of lipids

Reticular Forms internal supporting framework for soft organs such as spleen, liver, and lymphatic organs Also found in lymph nodes and bone marrow

Dense Connective Tissue Irregular Regular

Dense Connective Tissue – Irregular Made of mainly elastic fibers Allows for expansion and contraction of organs (multilateral motion) Locations: Between vertebrae, ligaments supporting penis, transitional epithelia, and blood vessel walls

Dense Connective Tissue – Regular Protein fibers are PARALLEL Provides firm attachment Conducts pull of muscles Reduces friction between muscles Stabilizes relative positions of bones Locations Between skeletal muscles (tendons – attach muscles to bones) Between bones or stabilizing internal organs (ligaments – support adjacent bones) Deep fasciae that cover and isolates muscles from surrounding structures

Fluid Tissue Lymph Blood Red blood cells  Erythrocytes  O2 Transport White blood cells  Leukocytes  Immune Function Platelets Injury mediators

Integumentary System Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Stratum Basale Basal cells predominate: stem cells so they are in a constant state of mitosis  replace keratinocytes at the surface Other cells: melanocytes which produce melanin, which protects against UV ray harm Contains tactile cells (Merkel cells) – stimulated upon touch Stratum Granulosum Cells stop dividing and begin producing keratin and keratohyalin Stratum Corneum Receptors, Immune Cells, Vitamin D production Dermis Hair follicle (arrector pili muscle causes it to stand) Hypodermis Important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underneath tissues Subcutaneous injection site

Skeletal System Functions Structural support Organ protection Hematopoiesis Mineral/Lipid storage Leverage

Osseous Tissue Periosteum – tough, fibrous outer membrane Inner layer has the osteoblasts and osteocytes **REMEMBER** osteoblasts  bone growth and repair, osteocytes  maintain the matrix Endosteum – surrounds medullary cavity and contains the osteoclasts

Where are the osteocytes located in? Lacunae