Articles of Confederation SS.7.C.1.5 Identify how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to the writing of the Constitution. How the Articles of Confederation paved the way for the U.S. Constitution

The First Constitution After the Revolutionary War, the United States needed to develop some form of government system. The Articles of Confederation, written by the Founders in 1777, would serve as the first constitutional agreement among the 13 states.

Confederation The United States began as a confederation. A confederation is… A group or league of independent states or nations united for a common purpose The Articles of Confederation created a nation of pre-existing states with a very weak central government.

Articles of Confederation Under the Articles of Confederation, the state governments retained most of the power. The central or national government commanded little respect and was not able to accomplish much because it had little jurisdiction/power over states or individuals. States Nat’l Gov.

Weaknesses of the Articles On your handout, explain how each weakness of the Articles of Confederation would be problematic for the new government of the United States. Weaknesses of the Articles

National Government Could Not Tax Problem Congress could not collect taxes. No taxes=no money to run the country. States would not support the national government. Implication Answer: States would not support the national government. Without taxes there was no way to fund public services and the national government. Ask students to identify the types of services Question for discussion: What would the United States be like if we were missing all of these things?

No taxes Make it Modern! If there was no power to tax (raise money to run the country), what would be missing in the United States today? Answer: Taxes are used to provide highways and public transportation, roads, schools, prisons, law enforcement, parks, medical care (in some cases), welfare, fire departments, courts, libraries, and running the government. Question for discussion: What would the United States be like if we were missing all of these things?

No Regulation of Trade Between the States States had their own trading practices and regulations with other states. This created slow and tense trade relationships. Problem National government could not regulate trade between states. Implication Answer: State trade relationships would be very tense. States could set their own regulations and taxes thus creating slow and expensive processes for trading, certain states might set a ban on trading with other states, states could prohibit the movement of goods through their state (creating geographical trade issues)

No Regulation of Trade Between the States Make it Modern! If the government could not regulate trade between the states, what would state relations be like? Answer: State trade relationships would be very tense, like the international example. States could set their own regulations and taxes, thus creating slow and expensive processes for trading. If certain states set a ban on trading with other states, states could prohibit the movement of goods through their state (creating geographical trade issues).

No Regulation of Foreign Trade States were entering individually into trade agreements with foreign nations. If states did not uphold their end of the trade, it would create a tense situation. Problem Congress could not regulate foreign trade/commerce. Implication

No Regulation of Foreign Trade Make it Modern! If the government could not regulate trade between nations and states could make individual agreements with other countries, what would international relations be like? Answer: State trade relationships would be very tense, like the international example. States could set their own regulations and taxes, thus creating slow and expensive processes for trading. If certain states set a ban on trading with other states, states could prohibit the movement of goods through their state (creating geographical trade issues).

Congress had no power to enforce its own laws in the states No Enforcement Power Problem Congress had no power to enforce its own laws in the states People in various states doing what they want; no consistency throughout the states. Implication Answer: Laws that impact the whole country would have no value if they were not enforced. For example, the requirement to pay taxes to the federal government would have no value under the Articles of Confederation. Side note: there was no power to tax in order to fund law enforcement. This also made the enforcement of laws difficult to impossible.

No Enforcement Power Make it Modern! If there was no enforcement of laws, what would the United States be like today? Answer: Laws that impact the whole country would have no value if they were not enforced. For example, the requirement to pay taxes to the federal government would have no value under the Articles of Confederation. Side note: There was no power to tax in order to fund law enforcement. This also made the enforcement of laws difficult to impossible.

No Judicial Branch/National Court System No court system to handle national/federal level issues Interstate issues would have no courts to go to on the federal level Federal laws but no federal courts? No checks and balances Problem There was no judicial branch; no separate, national court system Implication Why could this be a problem even if the states had their own courts? MISSING

No Judicial Branch/National Court System Make it Modern! If there were no national court system, what would the United States be like today? Answer: We would have a confusing justice system with no one to settle disputes between states or check the laws of the national government. All cases would have to be handled between states, which becomes complicated since states have different laws and methods of handling disputes.

There was no separate executive branch for the central government No Executive Branch National government was powerless to enforce any laws it passed; No President No checks and balances Problem There was no separate executive branch for the central government Implication ? Answer: The United States would have no Commander in Chief of the military, ambassadors (representatives of the United States) to other countries, updates on the state of government, ability to override the laws of the legislative branch, appointment of judges to federal or the U.S. Supreme Court (neither of which would exist under the Articles).

No Executive Branch Make it Modern! If there were no executive branch, what would the United States be like today? Answer: The United States would have no Commander in Chief of the military, ambassadors (representatives of the United States) to other countries, updates on the state of government, ability to override the laws of the legislative branch, appointment of judges to federal courts or the U.S. Supreme Court (neither of which would exist under the Articles).

Unanimous Vote To Make Changes Problem The Articles required a unanimous vote to make changes to the Articles This made it nearly impossible to make changes to the Articles; it could not be changed to match the current needs of the people Implication Answer: None of the amendements to the United States Constitution have ever passed with a unanimous vote. The exercise on the slide will show students which amendments we would be missing if it was required to have a unanimous vote to amend the U.S. Constitution.

Unanimous Vote To Make Changes It required a unanimous vote to make changes to the Articles This made it very difficult to make any changes to the Articles Make it Modern! If there were a requirement to reach a unanimous decision to amend the U.S. Constitution, what would the United States be like today? Answer: None of the amendements to the United States Constitution have ever passed with a unanimous vote. The exercise on the slide will show students which amendments we would be missing if it was required to have a unanimous vote to amend the U.S. Constitution. Using the handout provided, read the amendments in the United States Constitution that would not have been added if there had been a requirement for a unanimous decision to include that amendment. Select 3 amendments you think are the most important that have been added since the ratification of the Constitution and discuss what the United States would be like without those amendments.

Shays’ Rebellion A postwar depression had left many small farmers unable to pay their debts and threatened with mortgage foreclosures. In western Massachusetts, a small band of farmers led by Captain Daniel Shays undertook a series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms.

Shays’ Rebellion Shays’ Rebellion was the fiercest outbreak of public discontent in the new nation and demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. The rebellion convinced many states of the need for a stronger central government.

Change is Needed As the economic and military weaknesses became apparent, people began asking for changes to the Articles of Confederation that would create a stronger national government.

Constitutional Convention The intended purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation In 1787, the 55 delegates to the meeting debated abandoning the Articles and would ultimately discard them in favor of writing what would be the Constitution of the United States. The link below will provide a 4 minute video from the History Channel: America Gets a Constitution (4 min) TV-PG After several failed attempts at creating a government, a 1787 convention is called to draft a new legal system for the United States. This new Constitution provides for increased federal authority while still protecting the basic rights of its citizens. http://www.history.com/topics/shays-rebellion/videos

Constitutional Convention By abandoning the Articles, the delegation would write a Constitution that: Created the 3 branches of government Addressed the issue of states rights Implemented a system for changing, or amending, the Constitution that did not require a unanimous vote Protected the rights of the people Gave power to the federal government to tax, regulate trade, enforce national laws, and more

The Road to the Constitution U.S. Constitution No executive branch No enforcement of laws No tax Unanimous vote to make changes No judicial branch No regulating trade Articles of Confederation

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