Olav Ljones London group. September 30 , 2008 Comparing terminology between accounts and statistics. Energy statistics, balances and accounts, Olav Ljones London group. September 30 , 2008

1. Introduction Energy is important Official statistics in the field of energy – unclear role Oslo Group – a city group established to improve this

2. How to measure energy in statistics Science of physics Energy is carried by commodities Measured in tons etc or by energy units as Joule The role of conversion factors

3. The totality – and boundaries Energy is all over Energy creates wealth and income differneces Energy and environment The boundaries – what to measure as production

4. Transformation of energy Primary and secondary energy Energy may be transformed to other energy carriers

Relevant handbooks UN handbook from 1982 “Energy Statistics Manual” IEA/OECD and Eurostat 2005 The SEEA handbook from 2003 The future: IRES etc and SEEA-E

6. Official statistics a full system with consistency or coherence Statistics is a wide concept and covers many types of data systems that put together data both for supply and demand side – will be a part of energy statistics. These systems may be labelled balances or accounts

7. Reserves and stocks extraction from non renewable resources Stocks of produced (previous extracted) will however be important for energy statistics.

8. The Concept of Production important to observe that the most relevant definition of production may differ between energy statistics for economic purposes and energy statistics for environment purposes

9. Units The term unit seems to be used in two distinct interpretations Accounting units, the measuring unit for energy reporting or observation unit . Enterprise or establishment

10. Residence and territory principle. National accounts are basically based upon the residence principle The territory principle - which is used in Energy Balances - should in principle not include energy used abroad by inland units and should include energy used on the national territory by foreign units. The precise empirical difference between residence and territory may be difficult to measure. Bridge tables

11. Balances and Accounts Balances: an overall accounting framework in which all sources of energy or at least all those relevant to the analysis – can be expressed in a single accounting unit so that the flow of each can be traced from its origin in production or imports through transformation to delivery (with or without transformation) to exports or to inland final energy users.” (UN 1982 §13) Accounts: Energy Asset accounts (reserves). Energy Flow accounts

UN 2008, Global assessement of energy accounts Energy asset accounts Energy flow accounts (for each energy commodity ?) Physical energy asset accounts’ Monetary energy asset accounts Physical energy flow accounts Monetary flow accounts In Q 55 Energy balances listed as a possible data source for energy flow accounts

SEEA-E, Draft Ch 1-4 Asset accounts in physical and monetary units (stock accounts) Supply and use tables for energy products in physical and monetary units (flow accounts) Energy related air emission accounts Hybrid accounts Protection expenditure accounts and resource management accounts Physical asset accounts Monetary asset accounts Physical flow accounts Monetary flow accounts Asset accounts for exploration and evaluation activities Physical supply tables for energy products Asset accounts for inventories of energy products

IRES Energy balances Energy accounts, bridge tables Supply and use Territory and residence principle Production boundary Energy sources, carriers, commodities Renewable non renewable Flows and stocks, reserves Statistical units – population of units Final use, consumption Units of measurement, Conversion factors

12. Conclusions Energy statistics should be strengthened as a part of official statistics Collect data from respondents once and use may times Globalisation is a challenge for official statistics in general and so also for energy statistics The concept of statistics is a wide concept and is meaningful in most contexts Energy balances seems at present to be rather well defined Energy accounts seem at the present to be used in various ways Accounts: Documentation – metadata may prevent confusion