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Draw a Mental Map of the United States Include important locations land features human features Any other important data you can think of

Rivers St. Lawrence R. Columbia R. Missouri R. Hudson R. Potomac R. Mississippi R. Ohio R. Colorado R. Arkansas R. Rio Grande R. Yukon R.

Atlantic Coastal Plains Great Basin Central Plains Atlantic Coastal Plains Gulf Coastal Plains

Deserts Death Valley Mohave Desert

Linguistic Map

CONTACT: Europeans and American Indians 1491-1607

I.    Overview—big ideas Prior to 1492, American Indians in the Western Hemisphere had developed a wide variety of civilizations and cultural groups By 1600 Europeans had created the world’s first truly global economy. The "age of discovery" resulted in the greatest human catastrophe the world has ever known: 90% of American Indians died by 1600; slavery of tens of millions of Africans. Cultural differences between European and American Indians were so immense that major conflicts occurred in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Summary of relations between the three major colonial powers in America and the American Indians - Spain sought to Christianize and control the Indians (through the encomienda and mission systems) - The French sought to establish strong trade relations with the American Indians; Jesuits sought to convert them. - English settlers often sought to either move Indians westward or annihilate them.

II. Native Americans (American Indians) Population in 1491: 50-70 million (present: 10 mil) Arrived 40,000 and 20,000 years ago Via the Bering straight New research and different theories By 8,000 BCE humans had spread across the continent

II. Native Americans (American Indians) Developed Civilizations Aztecs, Mayan’s, Inca: complex agricultural societies Corn and potatoes vital North American natives less developed Semi sedentary, incredibly diverse Chinook fishermen great plains farmers and nomads (Tipis) “the three sisters:” Maize, Squash, Beans Matrilineal and Matrilocal No real individual property, antithetical to capitalism Extensive trade

II. Native Americans (American Indians) G. Civilized societies Pueblo Indians: corn, southwest, Mound builders: Mississippian/ Cahokia Southeast American Indians: Creeks, Choctaw, Chickasaws, Cherokees Eastern Woodlands Indians: Iroquois, “longhouse”, Algonquin H. Religious differences Christian View= god gave man dominion over the world Indian view= no concept of heaven, emphasis on nature Conflicting views on sacrifice Differences in war Ritual war Vs. Total war Assimilation of captured common Torture and sacrifice common European weapons intensified native conflicts

III. European Empires The age of Discovery Portugal European internal competition Made worse by catholic protestant divide New technology- gunpowder, cartography, Caravel= lateen sail, axial rudder, astrolabe, sextant Economics- markets and mercantilism, missionary zeal, and optimism Portugal Brazil, Amerigo Vespucci Trading post empire First to introduce slavery

1500’s

III. European Empires C. The Spanish empire Columbus Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Spanish Conquistadores Cortes Pizarro ST. Augustine 1565 Spanish Views- Bartolome de las Cass, “Black Legend”, Juan De Sepulveda Castas system- Creoles, Mulatto, Mestizo

IV. French exploration in North America A. French exploration was largely stimulated by the beaver trade

V. England's search for Empire A. Major causes leading to English colonial impulse 1. Eventual peace with Spain 2. Population growth; high unemployment. 3. New World had economic opportunity, farm land, adventure, markets, political freedom, religious freedom, social change. 4. Joint-stock companies. B. English attempts to colonize in the late-16th century   1. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize Newfoundland   2. Roanoke: 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh

VI. The Columbian Exchange A. For American Indians 1. Mass death and genocide: By 1600, nearly 90% of Native American population perished. 2. European impact on American Indian culture: a. Great Plains tribes b. Cattle and swine provided major new food sources. c. Intensified warfare among American Indians

VI. The Columbian Exchange B. For Europeans 1. Global empires for the first time in human history. 2. Explosion of capitalism (Commercial Revolution) 3. Revolution in diet                 a. Corn, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes lead to improved diet = higher life expectancy = higher population = bigger push for emigration.

Major Concepts for Review: 1. Native American civilization a. Societies more highly developed in Mesoamerica and South America; North American Indians were mostly semi-sedentary. b. Important North American tribes: Pueblo, Iroquois Confederacy, Algonquin 2. The Columbian Exchange a. Destruction of American Indian population (90% by 1600) b. Introduction of cattle and horses revolutionized some American Indian cultures. c. Europeans saw global empires for the first time, the rise of capitalism, and a revolution in diet. 3. Summary of Native relations a. Spanish: sought to Catholicize, control and use Indians for forced labor (mission system, encomienda) b. French: sought trade relations with Indians; Jesuits sought to convert them to Catholicism c. English: sought to remove Indians or exterminate them.

Next week: The 13 colonies and the British empire1607-1754