Macromolecule Notes – Modified version from Biology Junction Edited by Mr. Uchime

Unit 2 –Day 1 Notes Macromolecules

Unit 2 – Day 1 Notes Learning Targets Be able to describe the monomer of each macromolecule Be able to identify the four major macromolecules/polymers Be able to describe the function of each macromolecule

Monomer One subunit of a macromolecule

Polymer Polymers are large organic molecules that are composed of two or more monomer subunits. Note: Polymers are the macromolecule/biomolecule Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Carbon = Organic *** Macromolecules are large organic molecules also known as biomolecules, organic molecules, and lastly polymers. ***

Macromolecules One subunit is called a monomer Macromolecule are large organic molecules. They are also called POLYMERS. Macromolecules are made up of smaller molecules/subunit called MONOMERS. One subunit is called a monomer i.e. 1 brick, 1 sugar, 1 amino acid etc. Two or more subunits linked together are called polymers - i.e. a brick house, a carbohydrate, a polymer, a lipid etc.

Macromolecules The four macromolecules/biomolecules are: 1. Carbohydrates = sugars 2. Lipids = fats 3. Proteins = structures 4. Nucleic acids = genetic info.

Carbohydrates = quick/fast energy

Carbohydrates Function: The primary energy source of most organisms (sugar). They provide quick/fast energy for an organism. They also provide the material for cell walls in plants (cellulose). Examples: Fruits Sugar Energy Drinks Bread and rice

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Saccharide = sugar = carbohydrate *** Examples: A. monosaccharide = 1 sugar B. disaccharide = 2 sugars C. polysaccharide = 2 or more sugars copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates Many carbohydrates end in the suffix – ose Example: Deoxyribose Ribose Cellulose Glucose Fructose

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) *** deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

Lipids = fats or long term energy storage/insulation

Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones

copyright cmassengale Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Lipids Triglycerides (a polymer of a Lipid): composed of 1 glycerol (monomer) and 3 fatty acids (monomer). H H-C----O glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds. (bad). Solid at room temperature. Examples: Butter, lard, animal fats, cheese, cream, 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good). Liquid at room temperature. Examples: Oils from vegetables. copyright cmassengale

Unit 2 –Day 2 Notes Macromolecules

Proteins= cellular structures/enzymes

Amino Acids are the monomers of proteins aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

copyright cmassengale Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: oxygen is transported via hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: via muscles 5. Structural: cellular structures such as hair and nails 6. Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions (catalyst) copyright cmassengale

Nucleic Acids = genetic information

Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides.

Nucleic acids Nucleotides include 3 parts: Phosphate group Base made of nitrogen Sugar (5–carbon pentose)

Nucleic acids 5 nitrogenous bases: thymine (T) (DNA only) adenine (A) (Both DNA and RNA) thymine (T) (DNA only) uracil (U) (RNA only) cytosine (C) (Both DNA and RNA) guanine (G) (Both DNA and RNA)

Is this nucleotide DNA or RNA? Explain how you know O=P-O Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous Base (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose) copyright cmassengale

Is this nucleotide DNA or RNA? Explain how you know O=P-O Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous Base (A, G, C, or U CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (Ribose) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Nucleic acids The sugar in DNA is called Deoxyribose The sugar in RNA is called Ribose copyright cmassengale

Nucleic acids The monomers of Nucleic Acids are nucleotides. The polymers of nucleic acids are either DNA or RNA

Nucleotide (DNA or RNA?) O=P-O Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (ribose) copyright cmassengale

A. an enzyme B. an amino acid C. a fatty acid D. a nucleotide Practice Question 1 A protein that regulates chemical reactions in cells is — A. an enzyme B. an amino acid C. a fatty acid D. a nucleotide

A. an enzyme B. an amino acid C. a fatty acid D. a nucleotide Practice Question 1 A protein that regulates chemical reactions in cells is — A. an enzyme B. an amino acid C. a fatty acid D. a nucleotide

Practice Question 2 The cell wall of almost all kingdoms is made from a strong carbohydrate of hundreds to thousands of monomers. Which of the following is the carbohydrate found in Kingdom Plantae? Chitin Peptidoglycan Cellulose Apotosis

Practice Question 2 The cell wall of almost all kingdoms is made from a strong carbohydrate of hundreds to thousands of monomers. Which of the following is the carbohydrate found in Kingdom Plantae? Chitin Peptidoglycan Cellulose Apoptosis

Practice Question 3 Which of these is a series of units composed of phosphates, sugars, and nitrogenous bases? Amino acids ATP molecules Carbohydrates DNA molecules

Practice Question 3 Which of these is a series of units composed of phosphates, sugars, and nitrogenous bases? Amino acids ATP molecules Carbohydrates DNA molecules (nucleotides)

Practice Question 4 Before hibernation, a bear must store large amounts of extra energy. Which type of macromolecule can store a large supply of energy that the bear will use over a period of several months? Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates

Practice Question 4 Before hibernation, a bear must store large amounts of extra energy. Which type of macromolecule can store a large supply of energy that the bear will use over a period of several months? Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates

More Practice Questions For more practice problems, please visit the following link: www.mruchime.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Macromolecule_Practice_Test-1.pdf