World War I and the 1920s 1910-1929

World War I Origins Allies: France, Britain, Russia Central Powers: Germany, Austria FOUR MAIN CAUSES Militarism – army/navy build-up Alliances – common defense guarantees Imperialism – competition for lands Nationalism – overdeveloped pride WWI began in Europe in 1914 and president Woodrow Wilson vowed to keep America neutral Why would Woodrow Wilson’s America want to stay neutral? 15a

MAIN Causes of wwi 15a

Who’s in and who’s out Alliance Central Powers Serbia Russia France Great Britain United States Austria Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire Italy (kinda) 15a

America Ends Neutrality In 1915, the Lusitania was sunk by German u-boats America demanded an end to unrestricted submarine warfare that endangered our neutral rights, lives, and trade In 1917, the German Zimmerman Note to Mexico enraged Americans In 1917, Russia’s communist revolution pulled them out of the war Why would Russia’s pull-out push America into WWI? 15a

Sinking of the Lusitania Zimmerman Note

Great Migration WWI created lots of industrial jobs in the cities of the NE and MW African Americans moved North by the thousands Why would African Americans be eager to leave the South? 15b

Fourteen Points America had put the Allies over the top to win WWI in just over one year of fighting President Woodrow Wilson had a plan to avoid future wars and as the war came to an end he started to push it at home and abroad #1: Open Diplomacy #2: Freedom of the Seas #3: Equal Access to Trade #4: Disarmament #5: National Self-Determination #14: International Peace-Keeping Group Why does Wilson think he gets such a voice in the post-war treaty-making process? 15c

Wilson’s 14 Points 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at"). 2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up. 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war. 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality." 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states. 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea. 14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states. 15c

Woodrow Wilson 15c

League of Nations Wilson’s 14th point was the most controversial – and unpopular at home Isolationists in America feared the League The Senate refused to ratify the treaty including the League of Nations Wilson campaigned heavily across the country for the League, but the US never bought into the international peace-keeping group Why would isolationists fear joining the League of Nations? 15c

League of nations 15c

Checking for Understanding What were the four main causes of WWI? Why did America enter WWI? How did WWI change African American lives? How did WWI change women’s lives? Why was the Espionage and Sedition Act viewed as unconstitutional? What rule did Eugene Debs break? What was Woodrow Wilson’s 14th point going to create? Why would isolationist fear joining the League of Nations?

Isolationism After WWI was over and Wilson left the presidency, America craved a return to normalcy in the 1920s For many, this meant a rejection of external political trends, international trade and more of a focus on domestic issues It has been said that WWI killed progressivism in the US…if so, what should we expect of government in the 1920s? 15c

Great Migration Before During 15b

Great Migration After 15b

The Great Migration 15b

Espionage & Sedition Acts Fear of dangers amongst us led the government to pass these acts in 1917 Communicating any info that would interfere with military operations or help our enemies would be a criminal offense What might be Constitutionally problematic about these wartime laws? 15b

Espionage Act 15b

Eugene V. Debs Labor union leader (Pullman Strike!) and Socialist presidential candidate in 1904, 1908, 1912 Gave a speech protesting military recruitment tactics and got TEN years in jail When else have we seen constitutional rights taken away during an American war? 15b

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Socialism & Communism In the late 1800s, socialism was born out of workers’ calls for better lives Communism evolved out of socialism Abolish private ownership Social classes would be leveled across the board All property is owned by the government Capitalism will be destroyed Russia became the Soviet Union after a communist (Bolshevik) revolution Why were Americans afraid of communism? 16a

Red Scare The fear of international communism flooding over American borders (RED = the color of the Soviet flag) The US government started to an expanded search for suspected communists & socialists here at home Who would you guess were the main targets of the government’s searches? 16a

Immigration Restrictions Nativism was reborn again in the 1920s So was the Ku Klux Klan, and not just in the South Americans felt superior to immigrants They felt their culture was better and had to be protected from outside influences Catholics, Jews, Immigrants, etc. The government responded to this with immigration restriction acts like the Emergency Quota Act in 1921 What is a “quota”? 16a

Emergency Quota Act 16a

Jazz Jazz combined themes and patterns developed by slaves, New Orleans musicians, and many other sources It also emphasized improvisation It brought African American writers and artists to the mainstream quickly What themes should we expect to find in Jazz music? 16d

Louis Armstrong “Satchmo”/“Pops” played the trumpet One of the most famous jazz musicians of the 1920s Born in New Orleans, began playing with the Creole Jazz Band Moved to Chicago & New York to play How does Armstrong’s life mimic the Great Migration? 16d

Harlem Renaissance The Great Migration had brought African Americans to northern cities, crowded into these neighborhoods, African American culture became blended in mainstream American culture A blossoming of African American culture and arts in the 1920s Where is Harlem? 16d

Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance’s most famous poet, wrote about the lives of working-class African Americans Sometimes set his words to the tempo of jazz or the blues What could his voice actually do for African Americans during the 1920s? 16d

Harlem Speaks A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes “The Weary Blues” Langston Hughes “Mother to Son” Langston Hughes “Dream Variation” Zora Neale Hurston “Uncle Bud” Bessie Smith “Mean Old Bed Bug Blues” Louis Armstrong “I’m Not Rough” Duke Ellington “The Creeper” Ethel Waters/James P. Johnson “Do What You Did Last Night” WEB DuBois on his role & his desires Marcus Garvey on the objectives of the UNIA 16d

I, Too by Langston Hughes Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed-- I, too, am America. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =6CmKf9nZ_4I I, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. 16d

18th Amendment Social changes born out of WWI had big impacts on the ROARING TWENTIES The 18th Amendment brought something many Americans had wanted for a long time --- prohibition “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors illegal” Americans will resist the law. Who might benefit from this new law that the government had not intended? 15d

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19th Amendment Ratification of the 19th Amendment also had been a long fight Women were finally given the right to vote, in part thanks to their economic contributions during WWI What had women done during WWI? What should we expect of the “Twenties woman”? 15d

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Henry Ford The automobile would truly replace the horse in the 1920s The Ford Motor Company’s Model T was the most popular automobile It was available in any color, so long as that color was black  What other major industries would benefit from America’s new-found obsession with the automobile? 16b

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Mass Production The assembly line is what made the automobile and so many other industries so profitable in the 1920s American businesses were able to produce more…more efficiently, more quickly & more cheaply than before If America is producing more than ever before, what does that mean about American consumption of goods? 16b

Popular Culture Radios brought news, sports, and entertainment straight to millions of American homes Movies helped create the first extremely popular media stars (and lifestyles) How can movies and radios feed the American trend toward consumerism? 16c