Chapter 38: End-of-Life Care

Terminal Illness and Care Terminal illness: recovery from the condition is beyond reasonable expectations Stages of dying Denial: psychological defense mechanism; refusal to believe certain information; helps to cope with reality of death

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Stages of dying (cont’d) Anger: emotional response to feeling victimized; occurs because there is no way to retaliate against fate Bargaining: psychological mechanism to delay the inevitable Depression: sad mood; realization that death will come sooner rather than later

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Stages of dying (cont’d) Acceptance: attitude of complacency that occurs after clients have dealt with their losses Promoting acceptance: nurses can help client to pass from one stage to another by providing emotional support and supporting client’s choice regarding terminal care

Question Is the following statement true or false? Acceptance occurs while clients deal with their losses and are completing unfinished business.

Answer False. Acceptance occurs after clients have dealt with their losses and completed unfinished business.

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Promoting acceptance (cont’d) Emotional support: part of missing nursing care; more necessary for dying clients Arrangements for care: respecting the rights of dying clients

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Arrangements for care (cont’d) Home care Respite care: relief for the caregiver by a surrogate Hospice care Eligibility for hospice care: 6 months or less to live

Question Is the following statement true or false? In home care, the focus of support may shift back and forth from the client to the caregiver.

Answer True. In home care, the focus of support may shift back and forth from the client to the caregiver.

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Arrangements for care (cont’d) Hospice care (cont’d) Hospice services: clients receive care in their own homes; multidisciplinary team of hospice professionals and volunteer support are provided

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Arrangements for care (cont’d) Terminating hospice care Residential care: form of intermediate care Acute care: sophisticated technology and labor-intensive treatment

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Providing terminal care Hydration: maintenance of adequate fluid volume Nourishment: tube feeding and parenteral nutrition Elimination: catheterization; enemas or suppositories; skin care

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Providing terminal care (cont’d) Hygiene: clean, well groomed, and free of unpleasant odors Positioning: promote comfort and circulation Comfort: keep clients free from pain

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Family involvement: maintain family bonds to help coping with future grief Approaching death: decrease and ultimate cessation of function Multiple organ failure: two or more organs cease to function Family notification: family should be aware of approaching death

Question Is the following statement true or false? Hospice services can be terminated if the client does not meet the Medicare criteria.

Answer True. Hospice services can be terminated if the client does not meet the Medicare criteria.

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Family notification (cont’d) Meeting relatives to promote smooth transition Discussing organ donation Confirming death: determined on the basis that breathing and circulation have ceased

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Confirming death (cont’d) Brain death: irreversible loss of function of the brain Death certificate Permission for autopsy: examination of organs and tissues of human body after death

Terminal Illness and Care (cont’d) Performing postmortem care: Cleaning and preparing the body to enhance its appearance during viewing at the funeral home Proper identification Releasing the body to mortuary personnel

Autopsy Clinical autopsy is an examination of the organs and tissues of a human body after death. It is not necessary after all deaths, but it is useful for determining more conclusively the cause of death. Forensic autopsy is a medicolegal examination to determine if a crime has been committed. A forensic autopsy does not require permission from the next of kin.

Grieving Process of feeling acute sorrow over a loss Pathologic grief: dysfunctional grief; refusing to accept the client’s death Resolution of grief: time taken for mourning; ability to talk about the dead person; controlling emotions

Case Study, Chapter 38, End-of-Life Care  A client diagnosed with terminal cancer has been admitted to a hospice. The client is always short with the attending nurse and hospice staff. The client overreacts to even the slightest annoyance and appears bitter. Nevertheless, the nurse attending to the client has to see to it that the client is treated with respect so that the client’s dignity is not compromised, and in doing so, the nurse must look after the client’s daily needs.   a. On the basis of Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’ study of terminally ill clients, how will the nurse explain the client’s bitterness? b. How will the nurse ensure that the daily needs of a terminally ill client are being met?

Bell Ringer Answers True/False Hospice care is not provided in a client’s home. F 2. There is a normal time period for completion of all the stages of dying. F 3. A flat electroencephalogram for at least 10 minutes is a reliable indictor of brain death. T 4. A client who has died must be above 40 years of age for donation of his or her corneas to be possible. F 5. Hydration involves the maintenance of an adequate fluid volume in the body. F