Fig. 4 Rotavirus induces the type I IFN pathway and release of ATP by tumor cells. Rotavirus induces the type I IFN pathway and release of ATP by tumor.

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Fig. 4 Rotavirus induces the type I IFN pathway and release of ATP by tumor cells. Rotavirus induces the type I IFN pathway and release of ATP by tumor cells. (A) List of the 23 shared genes commonly up-regulated by A20 and EMT6 cancer cell lines upon in vitro rotavirus exposure with at least 1.5 log2 fold change in expression and a P < 0.005 (mean values of triplicates). For the two log2 fold change columns, a gradient from white to red allows identification of the genes with the weakest (white) to the strongest (red) up-regulations. Genes highlighted in gray are in common with the list of genes up-regulated in A20 upon exposure with inactivated rotavirus (see Fig. 7D). (B) Pictures of immunofluorescence staining (magnification, ×20) with anti-MxA–specific monoclonal antibodies and secondary detection on A20 tumors harvested from Balb/c mice after either IT rotavirus or IT PBS treatment. Staining was performed on frozen tumor sections. An isotype control was used as a negative control for MxA detection (in green) after DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) counterstaining (in blue). The means (±SEM) of immunofluorescence intensity as measured by the ImageJ software are presented in the right panel. Data from n = 2 mice in each group with three tumor sections. Unpaired one-tailed t test, **P = 0.005. (C) ATP release in the cell culture supernatant upon several dilutions of rotavirus exposure on human (SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma) or murine (Neuro2a neuroblastoma and A20 B-cell lymphoma) tumor cell lines. Measurement performed by luminescence assay using CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit 48 hours after incubation with different dilutions of rotavirus. Results are reported as RLU intensity corresponding to relative ATP release intensity. Data as means ± SEM, n = 3 wells per dilution; one-way ANOVA test, ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.0005, and **P < 0.005. Tala Shekarian et al., Sci Transl Med 2019;11:eaat5025 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works