BISC 224 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 West Ouachita High School BISC 224 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Success Tips… Hole’s 13th Edition Text has available: Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier13 Know how to use the text… pages 1 - 9. Read the text BEFORE class!! 2

1.1: Introduction By observing the world around them, then asking questions and seeking answers, ______________ was developed. _____ and _______ predate modern medications. _____ and _____ words formed the basis of A&P. The _____________ is used to investigate the natural world. Science can’t lead us to all the answers but does help eliminate the ______ answers.

“The complementary of structure and function.” 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy Physiology For example: powerful, muscular heart walls propel blood into the blood vessels. “The complementary of structure and function.”

1.3: Levels of Organization (Define all) Subatomic Particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) (Define all) Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Respiration Digestion Absorption Circulation Assimilation Excretion

Characteristics of Life Continued Life’s characteristics which obtain, release, and utilize energy are largely part of metabolism (all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life).

1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

* __________ of a stable internal environment Homeostasis* * __________ of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - Control Center - Effector -

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Receptors Effectors (muscles or glands) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response (Change is corrected.)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms

Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body Cranial cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b) (a)

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer – Parietal layer – Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum

Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plane of section Vertebra Spinal cord Spinal cord Plane of section Vertebra Mediastinum Azygos v. Right kidney Aorta Aorta Left kidney Left lung Inferior vena cava Esophagus Pancreas Spleen Right lung Rib Large intestine Small intestine Right atrium of heart Liver Large intestine Left ventricle of heart Rib Right ventricle of heart Gallbladder Visceral pleura Duodenum Costal cartilage Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Visceral peritoneum Stomach Parietal pleura Anterior Pericardial cavity Peritoneal cavity Anterior Sternum Parietal pericardium Parietal peritoneum Fibrous pericardium

Organ Systems Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system

Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous system Endocrine system

Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

1.7: Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position Integumentary system

Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position) (Define all): Superior/Inferior Anterior or ventral/ Posterior or dorsal Medial/Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral/ Contralateral Proximal/Distal Superficial /Deep

Body Sections or Planes (Define all) Sagittal Mid-sagittal/Median Transverse or Horizontal Coronal or Frontal

Body Sections NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along the median plane (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) plane A section along a frontal plane

Body Sections (a) (b) (c)

Cylindrical Organ Oblique section Cross-section (a) (b) (c) Longitudinal section (a) (b) (c)

Abdominal Subdivisions Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region

Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital (back of head) Oral (mouth) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Axillary (armpit) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilical (navel) Antecubital (front of elbow) Cubital (elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Antebrachial (forearm) Sacral (between hips) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Carpal (wrist) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) T arsal (instep) Pedal (foot) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (a) (b)

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed 1.1: Introduction Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body. 1.2: Anatomy and Physiology Explain how anatomy and physiology are related. 1.3: Levels of Organization List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each. 1.4: Characteristics of Life List and describe the major characteristics of life. Give examples of metabolism.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued 1.5: Maintenance of Life List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Explain the importance of homeostasis to survival. Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Identify the locations of the major body cavities. List the organs located in each major body cavity. Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each. Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.