World Cultures ~ Mrs. Probst ~ Australia Unit

Vocabulary Chapters archipelago Oceania Great Barrier Reef High island low island Outback voyaging canoe outrigger canoe atoll Bikini Atoll Mandala Khmer Empire Indochina Vietnam War ASEAN Micronesia Melanesia Polynesia subsistence activities copra taro Penal Colony Aboriginal People Maori Treaty of Waitangi pakeha assimilation Stolen Generation Land Rights Act of 1976 Mabo Case pastoral leases Wik Case industrialization Push-pull factors

What is the capital of Australia? a. Sydney b. Melbourne c. Canberra Which city is the oldest and largest? a. Canberra b. Sydney c. Darwin Which is a popular Australian animal? a. bear b. kangaroo c. fox Who are the Australian natives a. Eskimos b. Aborigines c. Indians Who discovered Australia? a. Columbus b. Captain Cook c. Lewis and Clark What is the official Language in Australia? a. English b. German c. Spain

Australia is situated south of Asia, between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. Australia is a continent, a country and an island at the same time. Australia is located in the southern hemisphere.

Landforms World’s smallest continent Divided into 4 regions: Western Plateau rugged, dry Central Lowlands Great Artesian Basin - important source of water, (the world's largest and deepest freshwater basin) Australia's largest river system Murray-Darling Basin and Lake Eyre Basin. Eastern Highlands Great Dividing Range temperate forests - elevations, most rainfall, the most abundant and varied plant and animal life and the densest human settlement. the Great Barrier Reef. The State of Tasmania a large and mountainous island, resides in the south-eastern corner of Australia.

Climate ½ desert (interior to W. coast Tropical savanna in Northern Terr. Humid-tropical on NE Queensland coast New South Wales, Queensland is humid-sub- tropical Marine west coast in South Mediterranean in SW By far the largest part of Australia is arid or semi-arid. 18% of Australia's mainland consists of deserts

Rainfall is highly variable, with frequent droughts lasting several seasons thought to be caused in part by the El Niño- Southern Oscillation. Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region or even several states and there are reports of the occasional large tornado. Rising levels of salinity and desertification in some areas is ravaging the landscape. Australia's tropical/subtropical location and cold waters off the western coast make most of western Australia a hot desert with aridity, a marked feature of the greater part of the continent. These cold waters produce little moisture needed on the mainland. The Outback covers 70 percent of the continent…dry and arid.

Biogeography biological distribution of plants and animals Due to island nature, many species are found nowhere else in world Known for marsupials 500 species of eucalyptus (more than 90% of their trees are from this type) Many plants/animals intro. to Australia by humans Aborigines brought the dingo (dog) from Asia Euro. intro sheep, rabbits, foxes, water buffalo, birds and 100’s of plants

OFFITIAL NAME : Commonwealth of Australia CAPITAL: Canberra TOTAL AREA: 7,700,000 sq.km POPULATION: 20 million people HEAD OF STATE: Queen Elizabeth II represented by Governor-General FORM OF GVERNMENT: Constitutional monarchy PORTS: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane LONGEST RIVER: the Darling (2,740 km) HIGHEST POINT: Mount Kosciusko (2,230 m) NATURAL RESOURCES: coal, zink, nickel, gold, wool NATIONAL HOLIDAY: Australian Day, 16 January (1788) MONEY: basic unit – Australian dollar NATIONAL SYMBOLS: Kangaroo and Emu NATIONAL ANTHEM: “Waltzing Matilda”

Australia's coat of arms – the official emblem of the Australian Government – was granted by George V in The arms consist of a shield containing the badges of the six states. The supporters are native Australian fauna – a kangaroo and an emu. A yellow-flowered native plant, wattle, also appears in the design. The flag of Australia is the only one to fly over a whole continent. The small Union Jack represents the historical link with Britain, the large seven-pointed star represents the six States and Territories, and the small stars from the Southern Cross – a prominent feature of the southern hemisphere night sky.

The First people in Australia were Aborigines. They arrived there about 12,000 years before from southern Asia. They had very rich forms of art, painting, song, poetry and mythology. The lives of aborigines stayed almost the same for thousands of years until the Europeans came to live in Australia in The Europeans suffered a lot in Australia but the Aborigines suffered a lot more. Europeans stole their land and killed thousand of Aborigines. They also brought new diseases with them. In parts of Australia, not one Aborigine survived. Today aborigines continue to live in Australia but there culture in under threat. In 1770, there were about 300,000 Aborigines. Now, there are 120,000. It is becoming harder and harder for them to continue their traditional way to live.

The Aborigines are Australian natives

Aborigines Have been living there for thousands of years before the first Europeans came to Australia in the 1600s. They have gone through stages of being conquered and having their lands taken. European settlers often separated Aborigines from society. Some were removed from their families and placed into institutions. Others were killed because they were seen as a “nuisance”.

Aboriginal Dwellings

Aborigines In the 1830s, remnants of the tribes in the settled areas were moved onto reserves. They were forbidden from teaching their children their own language and customs. During the 1900s, separation was an official government policy which lasted for many decades. Today, many Aboriginal people do not know their origins: which tribe they are descended from or the names of their parents and or grandparents. They are a lost generation.

Aborigines In 1967: Australia’s federal government began to pass legislation to help the Aborigines. It was widely seen as affirmation of the Australian people’s wish to see its government take direct action to improve the living conditions of Aborigines. In that same year, striking Aboriginal farmers changed political history by extending a demand for equal wages to a declaration of their rights of ownership of traditional lands. This became one of Australia’s first successful land claims by its indigenous people.

Canberra is the capital of Australia. It is very young city. Population is about 310,000 people. Capitol HillCanberra Fountain

Capital of New South Wales. Leading industrial city. Population: 3,200,000 people. St. Maria Cathedral The Harbour Bridge Sydney Sydney AMP Tower Opera House

Capital of Victoria. The world’s most livable city. Population: Train Station Melbourne Bridge Old House

Capital of Queensland. It is a year-round vocation place. Population is about 1,400,000 people. Brisbane Bridge Brisbane Skyscrapers Brisbane

Capital of South Australia. A pretty and industrial city. Population: 1,100,000 people. Victoria Square Fountain Gold Beach Adelaide

Capital of Western Australia. One of the best climates in Australia. Population: people. King’s Park Perth Skyscrapers

Capital of island-state Tasmania. Winters are very cold. Population of about 200,000. Bay of Fires Coles BayRemarkable Cave Lavender Farm

Warumbungle NP Crowdy Bay NP Cockatoo NP

It’s the world’s largest coral reef (over 2000 km). It stretches along the east coast of Queensland. It’s made up of over 2900 individual reefs very close to each other.

Australians really love nature. They try to protect their nature and their animals.

EnglishAustralian barbecuebarbie kangarooroo mosquitomozzie chickenchook candylollie slippersthongs TVtellie girlsheila sheepjumbuck movies pictures mailboxletterbox runnerstrainers freewaymain road

European Exploration First Europeans to sail to Australia were the Dutch (Netherlands) in 1606, but they didn’t settle there. The Dutch made one landing, were attacked by Aborigines, and then abandoned further exploration.

In 1770, Captain James Cook sailed around Australia..Landed south of Sydney. Cook named the area “New South Wales” He ignored the Aborigines living there & claimed the land for England Sailors also mapped the coast of eastern Australia & Tasmania.

In 1851 gold was discovered about 300 km west of Sydney. People rushed to the gold fields to find their fortunes. This attracted robbers called bushrangers.

The American Revolution forced the British to stop sending prisoners to Georgia (used as a penal colony at the time). Great Britain had to start looking for another place to send its prisoners… Australia seemed like a good choice: no chance of escape, no colonies around it, and very few indigenous people lived there.

One of 11 ships of its kind sailing to Australia with prisoners to begin Britain’s penal colony.

From 1788 to 1832, New South Wales was officially a penal (prison) colony consisting mainly of convicts, marines (guards), and the marines’ families. Only 20% of the first convicts were women. The British transported prisoners to Australia until By this time, many free immigrants were also settling there. They built businesses, trading posts, farms, etc.

Port Arthur, Tasmania From 1833 until the 1850s, it was the destination for the hardest of convicted British and Irish criminals--those who were secondary offenders having re-offended after their arrival in Australia. In addition, Port Arthur had some of the strictest security measures of the British penal system. Some tales suggest that prisoners committed murder (an offense punishable by death) just to escape the desolation of life at the camp. The Island of the Dead was the destination for all who died inside the prison camps.

Island of the Dead

The Perfect Colony Great Britain saw that Australia was a good location to base its navy in the South Pacific Ocean. Its location would make it possible for British ships to make repairs & get supplies. Australia also had many opportunities for trade with Asia and the Americas.

Commonwealth of Australia Non-prisoner colonization continued… The major coastal settlements soon became 7 independent colonies. In 1861, government officials created boundaries for the colonies that are still in place today. On January 1, 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia was established. Melbourne served as the national capital until Canberra was completed in 1927

“White Australia” Originally, Australia promoted a policy called “White Australia”. They would not allow non-Caucasians to immigrate to Australia. That has since changed… Immigration Restriction Act of 1901: restricted migration to people primarily of European descent This was dismantled after World War II. Today, Australia has a global, non-discriminatory policy and is home to people from more than 200 countries.

Australia Today In 1986, the Australia Act severed all legal ties with the British Empire. Today, Australia is a parliamentary democracy (constitutional monarchy) with Elizabeth II as queen. 1999: 55% of voters rejected the idea of becoming an independent republic.

What do these numbers and dates refer to? For example: 12,000 years ago: first people arrived in Australia 120,000: 1970: : 7,700,000: 20,000,000: 1978: 6: 1931:

- What is the capital of Australia? a. Sydney b. Melbourne c. Canberra - Which city is the oldest and largest? a. Canberra b. Sydney c. Darwin - Which is a popular Australian animal? a. bear b. kangaroo c. fox - Who are the Australian natives? a. Eskimos b. Aborigines c. Indians - Who discovered Australia? a. Columbus b. Captain Cook c. Lewis and Clark - What is the official Language in Australia? a. English b. German c. Spain

Hobart Perth Adelaide Victoria Melbourne Sydney New South Wales South Australia Brisbane Tasmania Western Australia Queensland

Hobart Perth Adelaide Victoria Melbourne Sydney New South Wales South Australia Brisbane Tasmania Western Australia Queensland

Tell about Australia using the chart Geographical location: … south of Asia, between … and … Oceans. …in the southern hemisphere. Capital: … Total area: … square kilometers. Population: …people. Native Australians: … Principal towns: … Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane. World’s famous sights: … Principal industries: … wool, metals and mineral producer. Head of State … Queen … represented by … Animals: … National emblems: …