2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions What are the functions of the digestive system? How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate? What are the common disorders of the digestive system? How are disorders of the digestive system treated? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Understand the functions of the digestive system 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Mouth (buccal cavity) What digestive system functions occur in the mouth? physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Tongue What is the digestive system function of the tongue? Sense of taste, assists in chewing and swallowing 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Teeth Define mastication. Thorough chewing of food How is the tooth’s shape related to its function? Incisors-sharp/biting Cuspids-sharp & pointed/biting & tearing Bicuspids-ridges/grinding Molars-ridges/crushing & tearing 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Salivary glands What is the function of the salivary glands? Secrete saliva & enzymes What chemical action takes place in the mouth as a result? Begin breakdown of food 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system What are the functions of these oral cavity structures? Palate- assists in swallowing Uvula- during swallowing, prevents food from entering nasal cavity 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Pharynx What does the pharynx do? Serves as a Passageway for air and food 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Esophagus What does the esophagus do? Passageway for food/liquid to stomach Located behind the trachea What is its relevance to your health? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Stomach What are the functions of the stomach? Digestion of food What chemicals are released there? (next slide) What is the stomach ph level? 0-7, depending on type of food in the stomach How long does it take for the stomach to empty? 2-4 hrs

Functions of the digestive system Gastric juices- approx. 2-3 qts produced daily Enteroendocrine glands Secrete gastrin, to stimulate cells to produce HCL & pepsinogen Parietal cells Produces HCL (hydrochloric acid), converts pepsinogen into pepsin, and intrinsic factor (necessary for absorption of vit B12 in the small intestines) (pernicious anemia) Chief type cells Produces pepsinogen, breaks down protein into smaller pieces protease & peptone Mucus cells Secretes alkaline mucus, neutralizes HCL Rennin- infants & children, breaks milk proteins. (curdled milk) Adults do not have it.

Functions of the digestive system Small Intestine What digestive process occurs here? Completion of digestion by changing carbs into starch/glucose, protein into amino acids, fats to fatty acids/glycerol , and absorption What are villi? What is the relevance to your health?

Functions of the digestive system Pancreas What digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas? Protease proteins Amylase ---> starches/glucose Lipase fats What’s common about these enzyme names? What is their function? (above) What other system does the Pancreas function in?

Functions of the digestive system Liver What are the functions of the liver? Produce bile, produce & store glycogen, detoxify, manufacture blood proteins fibrinogen & prothrombin, albumin, globulin, prepare urea (breakdown of proteins), store vits- A & D, B complex, remove worn out RBC’s from circulation and recycle iron content. What is the function of Bile->digests fat Glycogen->body processes What vitamin is produced by the liver? Why is it important?

Functions of the digestive system Gallbladder What is the function of the gallbladder? Stores and concentrates bile, which is necessary for fat digestion. Sits inferior to the liver Why is this function important? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Large intestine (colon) What are the functions of the large intestines? H2O absorption, bacteria action, fecal formation, gas formation & defacation What is its relevance to health? What type of diet promotes colon health? High Fiber What is the semi-solid liquid secreted from the ileum through the ileoceccal valve called that enters the large intestine?

colon The Ileum empties semi-liquid food called Chyme, into the colon thru the Ileocecal valve. Just below the ileocecal valve is the Cecum. The appendix is attached to the cecum . Ascending-right side of body Transverse- across the abdominal cavity Descending- left side of body Sigmoid- “S” shaped in the pelvic cavity Rectum- opens into the anus Anus- contains 2 sphincters (1 smooth & 1 skeletal)

Processes in the colon Absorption- water Bacterial action- “normal flora”, nonpathogenic to host Gas formation- 1-3 pints/day, odor comes from bacteria/breakdown of foods Fecal formation- bacteria, wastes from blood, acids salts, gases, mucus & cellulose Defecation- when rectum becomes distended with the accumulation of feces, reflex is triggered.

Understand the functions of the digestive system Discuss the processes of digestion and their relevance to health. Chemical Physical Absorption Elimination 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Potty Trivia... What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens? Color, odor Consistency Shape,frequency On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day? (1-3 pints) 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Act of Digestion Discuss each action of the digestive system… Ingestion Mastication Digestion Secretion Absorption Excretion 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Functions of the digestive system Check your knowledge… 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system Anorexia Decreased or poor appetite. Anyone can have this, esp. in acute illnesses Symptom of other disease or disorder Anorexia nervosa Eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat Psychiatric disorder Most often in young girls/women, many times sexual abuse “loss of control” VS

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system BULLEMIA: an emotional disorder involving distortion of body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system Caries What is another name for caries? What are caries? Can you identify preventive measures? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system Chole-cyst-itis What is chole cyst itis? Inflammation of the gallbladder. Can block cystic duct that would inhibit the release of bile Cholelithiasis-”Gallstones” What are the symptoms? Pain after eating How is it treated? surgically

Disorders of the digestive system Cleft palate What is cleft palate? What is its impact on health? Who most commonly has this condition? What specialist(s) should be consulted to correct a cleft palates? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system Cirrhosis What is cirrhosis? Chronic progressive inflammatory dz. Normal tissue is replaced with fibrous connective tissue. What are the symptoms? Fatigue, weakness, nausea, wt. loss, itchy skin, abd. pain, spider angiomas. Edema & ascites, bruising, bleeding,jaundice, varices (Cx’d. ETOH, / tx. transplant)

Disorders of the digestive system Constipation What is constipation? Delayed defacation What are some causes? Too much H2O absorption in the colon, anxiety, meds What is obstipation? Severe or obstructed constipation Prevention??

Disorders of the digestive disorders Diarrhea Define diarrhea- Loose watery & frequent BM’s What causes it? Inflammation, bacteria, toxins, poor diet, anxiety What are the effects on your health? Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, wt. loss

Disorders of the digestive disorders Gastroenteritis What is gastro enter itis? What causes it? Bacteria, virus, acidic foods/liquids What healthcare professional would you see for treatment? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) What are some common causes of GERD? Smoking, coffee, caffeine, chocolate, citrus fruits & juices, fried fatty foods, tomato products, pregnancy, 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system Hepatitis Acute or Chronic Hepatitis A- viral, (food H2O) Restaurants B- Hep B virus found only in blood C- Hep C virus, IV drug use D- coinfection w/B E- intestinal excretions What are some common symptoms of hepatitis? Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?

Disorders of the digestive system Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS or IBD) Define irritable bowel syndrome. Chronic diarrhea, (may be intermittant). EX:Crohn’s, Ulcerative Colitis Autoimmune Disorder Discuss how will treatments relate to: Lifestyle Diet Medication

Disorders of the digestive system Peptic ulcer What is a peptic ulcer? sore or lesion in the mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum What are some types? Gastric & Duodenal What causes it? H. Pylori (helicobacter) ABX Other cx’s- H2 blockers

Other disorders- Define, signs/symptoms Pyloric Stenosis Appendicitis Pancreatitis Diverticulosis Hemmorrhoids Colon Cancer 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system Vitamins Fat soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K Water soluble Vitamins C, B Electrolytes Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium What roles do electrolytes and vitamins play in the digestive system? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions What are the functions of the digestive system? How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate? What are the common disorders of the digestive system? How are disorders of the digestive system treated? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system? 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system