Fig. 2. Ex vivo and in vivo investigation of the mechanism of drug delivery enhancement with ultrasound. Ex vivo and in vivo investigation of the mechanism.

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Fig. 2. Ex vivo and in vivo investigation of the mechanism of drug delivery enhancement with ultrasound. Ex vivo and in vivo investigation of the mechanism of drug delivery enhancement with ultrasound. (A) Relative enhancement in glucose delivery to small intestine as a result of 40°C heating for 2 or 5 min or 20-kHz ultrasound at 7.5 W/cm2 at a duty cycle of 50% for 2 min total. (B) Relative enhancement in glucose delivery to small intestine as a result of treatment with 1-MHz ultrasound set to 2 W/cm2 (5.22 W actual) for 3.4 min, stirring of the donor chamber, or 40-kHz ultrasound set to an intensity of 13.4 W/cm2. (C) Number of pits generated in aluminum foil after treatment with 20-, 40-, 60-kHz, or 1-MHz ultrasound for 2 s at the highest intensity considered for each frequency. In (A) to (C), data are averages ± 1 SD; P values were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple comparisons. (D) Representative images of pitted aluminum foil samples treated with either 20-, 40-, or 60-kHz ultrasound. Scale bar, 3 mm. (E and F) Averaged Gaussian filtered amplitude spectrum of six fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) taken on in situ acoustic data collected externally in vivo in pigs during f = 20 kHz UMGID along with a representative amplitude spectrum for each repeat (E) and a control when ultrasound was not on (F). (G) Estimation of pore size radii created in porcine small intestine tissue and permeability (averages ± 1 SD) of glucose and inulin as a result of ultrasound exposure using the aqueous porous pathway model. Carl M. Schoellhammer et al., Sci Transl Med 2015;7:310ra168 Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science