Rise of Dictators` WHII.11c

New Governments Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided opportunities for the rise of dictators in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan.

U.S.S.R. During the Interwar Period

Entrenchment of Communism A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Stalin became dictator after Lenin’s death Planned to create a PERFECT communist state Then…..transform it into a TOTALITARIAN state Government takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life

Stalin’s Policies Secret Police Stalin created a “police state” to maintain power (secret police) Stalin’s secret police (KGB) monitored telephone lines, read mail, and planted informers Even children told authorities disloyal remarks they heard at home Families lived in FEAR

Stalin’s Policies The Great Purge Launched 1937 A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin’s power Stalin was responsible for 8 to 13 million deaths and won TOTAL control of the Soviet state

Stalin’s Policies Five-Year Plan Stalin’s plan to: Stimulate and develop the economy into an Industrial Revolution (state industrialization) Set high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity Meanwhile lowering the production of consumer goods severe shortages of housing, food, clothing Didn’t reach his goals, but the USSR made substantial gains

Collectivization of Farms Stalin’s Policies Collectivization of Farms 1928 Government began to seize over 25 million privately owned farms Created COLLECTIVE FARMS from seized property Large government owned farms Produced food for the state Operated like factories Eliminated any protestors

How Stalin came to Power Joseph Stalin (Recap) How Stalin came to Power Entrenchment of Communism Five-Year Plan Collectivization of Farms State Industrialization Secret Police Great Purge

Joseph Stalin By the 1930s, Stalin had forcibly transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian regime and an industrial power He stood unopposed as dictator He didn’t tolerate creativity and saw it as a threat to conformity and obedience that he required He ushered a period of total social control and rule by terror

A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

Italy During the Interwar Period

Rise of Fascism People lost faith in democracies after the Great Depression Began to turn to an extreme system of government—Fascism EXTREME form of Nationalism Fascists promised to revive the economy, punish those responsible for hard times, and restore order and national pride Fascism was a militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its rulers

Benito Mussolini Founded Fascist Party in 1919 Promised to rescue Italy by reviving economy and rebuilding armed forces His followers wore BLACK SHIRTS On October 22, 1922, Mussolini and his supporters forced King Victory Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge King granted Mussolini’s demand without any fuss!!!

Benito Mussolini Known as Il Duce (leader) Abolished democracy and outlawed all other political parties Used secret police to eliminate opponents ***Mussolini planned to recreate the glory of the old Roman Empire*** Ambition: Restore glory of Rome!!! First BIG act – Invasion of Ethiopia

Benito Mussolini (Recap) How Mussolini came to Power Rise of Fascism Ambition to restore the glory of Rome Invasion of Ethiopia

Japan During the Interwar Period

Japan 1920s: Japan= “democratic” nations Signed a treaty respecting Chinas borders 1928: signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact Renounced war As long as everything stayed peaceful and prosperous, the civilian government kept power

Rise of Militarism Great Depression= civilians blaming democratic government for problems!!! Allowed military leaders to gain control of the government Emperor became SYMBOL of state power Where have we seen this before? Emperor= Hirohito Military Leader= Hideki Tojo

Hirohito Tojo

Japan Industrial Revolution During this time Japan was experiencing industrialization Led to need for more raw materials How did they plan to get them??? EXPAND and INVADE BUT, what would this go against? Does it matter?

Japan Expands Military leaders focused on NATIONALISM Promised to help the economy by expanding borders So….Japan invaded: Manchuria Attacked, won, set up a puppet government First direct challenge to the League of Nations China A border dispute in 1937 started a war with China Northern China fell to the Japanese Korea

Hirohito and Tojo (Recap) How Tojo came to Power Japan’s government was ruled by its military Glorified military and its power AKA – Militarism In order to restore the economy, Japan will try to industrialize Led to need for raw materials so…. Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

Germany During the Interwar Period

Inflation and Depression in Germany To pay for wartime debt (reparations), Germany printed more money!! Effect: Inflation Money lost its value Germany printed even more money to finance their reparations Ex: In Berlin, a loaf of bread cost less than a mark in 1918, more than 160 marks in 1922, and 200 billion marks by 1923 Caused Germans to really question the Weimer Republic Hitler uses these problems to manipulate and infuriate the German people & take control!!!

Attempt to Change Germany was somewhat able to recover due to the efforts of Charles Dawes, an American Banker Dawes Plan $200 million dollar loan from American banks to stabilize German currency and strengthen its economy Set a more realistic schedule for Germany’s reparation payments Loan helped to attract more loans and investments as well as slow inflation

Rise of Nazism Simultaneously, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were taking control in different parts of Europe 1919: Munich, Germany—Hitler joined a small, right-wing political group National Socialist German Workers’ Party NAZI

Rise of Nazism Believed: Nazi’s named Hitler LEADER Treaty of Versailles should be overturned Needed to stop communism Set up a private militia called the storm troopers or brown shirts Nazi’s named Hitler LEADER Inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome Wanted to do same in Munich Arrested for treason and sentenced 5 years in prison (served 9 months!)

Adolf Hitler During his stay in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf Means: My Struggle Set forth beliefs and goals for Germany Believed “Aryans” were a “master race” Other races were inferior Also believed Germans needed more lebensraum More living space Promised to get that space by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia

Rise of Hitler 1932: Nazi’s= Largest political power After being named Chancellor: Hitler made Germany a totalitarian state Controlled every aspect of public and private life Used the press, literature, propaganda, etc. to glorify himself and the Nazis Burned books that did not conform to Nazi beliefs Warned the church officials to not criticize Nazis The Gestapo (secret police) will also help and shock German citizens into total submission Nazis took COMPLETE control over the economy (Hitler put millions of people to work—highways, weapons, military)

War on the Jews Anti-Semitism Hatred of Jews was a key part of Hitler’s ideology Nazis used them as scapegoats for all Germany’s troubles since WWI Hitler blamed them for the Great Depression 1933: Nazis began passing laws depriving Jews of most of their rights

German Occupation Hitler is ready to get his lebensraum (living space) and take back German territory 1st disregard for the treaty – Germany mobilized and built up its army League only issues a mild condemnation 2nd On March 7, 1936, Germany invaded the Rhineland that served as a buffer between them and France Still France and Britain thought if they gave Hitler his way with this land, he would stop and be content

German Occupation The German reoccupation of the Rhineland marked a turning point in the march toward war Hitler gained confidence that conquering stuff would be so easy He gained more support by his people in Germany Balance of power shifted – France and Belgium were now open to attack

German Occupation November 5, 1937: Hitler created Third Reich (German Empire) He would absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia Annexed Austria Now looked to Czech. Where millions of Germans lived in the Sudetenland Czech. asked for France’s help! Violated Treaty of Versailles

How Hitler came to Power Adolf Hitler (Recap) How Hitler came to Power Inflation and Depression Democratic government weakened Anti-Semitism Extreme Nationalism National Socialism (Nazism) German occupation of nearby countries

The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.